but it was not until 2008 that the policies got stricter . Nicotine sampling was carried out to test the drop in the PM levels in the air . In Portugal , a similar study had been conducted by Madureira et al . ( 2012 ) where their goal was to quantify the effects in the indoor air quality after the ban on smoking in restaurants was regulated . Ten restaurants were monitored to evaluate the drop in the levels of the smoke pollutants including the CO2 and CO comparing pre-ban and post-ban of smoking policies . It was concluded that a drop of 75 % on average in Respirable Suspended Particulate ( RSP ) matter has been proven to justify any further proof for the government to ban indoor smoking for all the restaurants in Portugal .
Smoking has become an issue in public areas since the turn of the century . Governments have been imposing policies on certain venue types to ban smoking , which has become a topic of debate due to other dependent variables such as the users and the revenue generation . In the US , data had been collected over a period of four years from 2003 to 2007 , reported quarterly , analyzing the effects on the revenue generation in bars and restaurants in Minnesota cities . 677 bars and restaurants were sampled to test against the effect of the comprehensive ban and the partial ban for smoking , on their yearly income . Surprisingly , because the importance of maintaining a clean indoor air had been advertised , customers over the years preferred to dine in areas , which they knew had a controlled and monitored indoor air quality . On average , there was an increase of 0.026 % on total revenue for venues with a comprehensive ban on smoking and 0.09 % increase on total revenue for venues with a partial ban on smoking ( Collins et al . 2010 ).
On the other hand , a study has proven the positive effect on total revenue due to banning smoking , otherwise . A study conducted by a group of economists and health specialist ( Pieroni et al . 2013 ) decided to assess the effect of the Smoking ban in Italian cafes and bars testing factors such as sales , earnings , number of employees , and the amount of profit , in Europe ’ s hospitality sector . Being the first study that the findings are based on official administrative data , is accurate compared to surveys that are self-reported that has a high chance for the owners to inflate the amount of drop in sales , which is prone to be bias . The implementation of the ban on smoking in Italian dining venues caused a change in the smoking habits of the population , and further changed their habits of going to bars and cafes therefore causing a slight drop in the sales of such venues . Aside from the fact that smoking ban policies may or may not have an impact on the sales , which is purely from an economic point of view , it is rather important to understand the effects , of not implementing the ban on smoking , on the health of the workers . Through a random selection of 46 restaurant owners , 284 clients and 242 staff , face-to-face questionnaires were conducted to test each group ’ s attitude towards the ban of smoking for indoor dinning venues . 91 % of the restaurant staff have reported health issues , such as irritated eyes and dyspnea , due to the over exposure to second hand smoke . 74 % of the clients have supported the idea of implementing a ban on indoor smoking for such venues . Amongst the restaurant owners , there is almost an equal opinion on whether banning smoking will increase or decrease their revenues and profitability . However , the important data that has been extracted is what concerns the restaurant staff and the clients , which holds a high percentage for those who are supportive of the ban . The study was intended to be submitted to the ministry of Health in Shanghai to implement the smoking ban policy ( Zheng et al . 2009 ).
Conclusions
The results on the toxicities of the smoke emitted from each smoking aid have concluded that all types of smoke was hazardous to the human health , but on different levels . Some smoke , such
826 ZEMCH 2015 | International Conference | Bari - Lecce , Italy