ZEMCH 2015 - International Conference Proceedings | Page 365

as an indication for BAM’s performance in terms of Corporate Social Responsibility (Royal BAM
Group 2013).
The theory of Corporate Social Responsibility is tracked back to 1950s, which manifested as the
modernity of Corporate Social Responsibility era. (Carroll 1999). From 1960s up to 1970s, Corporate Social Response and Corporate Social Responsibility were the theories cited. Taking in consideration that the four spheres of Corporate Social Responsibility were represented as the key
elements of the theoretical research at the time (Carroll, 1979). As such definitions included the
economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations. At 1979, he explained the classifications
and diverse descriptions of Corporate Social Responsibility, quoting “In my view, Corporate Social
Responsibility involves the conduct of a business so that it is economically profitable, law abiding,
ethical and socially supportive. Thus, Corporate Social Responsibility is composed of four parts:
economic, legal, ethical, and voluntary or philanthropic” (Carroll, 1983).
During 1970s to the 1990s, the second stage took place. The theory of CSP short for Corporate
Social Performance was revisited by Wood (1991) and later progressed by (Carroll, 1999) followed
by Wartick and Cochran’s (1985) characterisations of CSP which made Wood look forward and redesign the Corporate Social Performance aspects stating “a business organisation’s configuration
of principles of social responsibility, process of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and
observable outcomes as they relate to the firm’s societal relationships”(Wood 1991).
Thanks to Wood refurbishing of the CSP where he managed to link the three components consist
of principles, processes, and outcomes as per demonstrated in below Figure 3.

Figure 3: The Corporate Social Performance (Model Wood, 1991, pp: 694)

Lastly in the 1990s till nowadays, the third stage of development that included the stakeholders
theory manifestation. The stakeholder approach was witness to be operative and of high importance in sustaining the developments in strategies, framework and outcomes in the enterprises
(Freeman 1984). The definition Freeman provided for the stakeholder goes as follows “any group
or individual that can affect or is affected by the achievement of a corporation’s purpose” (Freeman 2004).

Post-conflict sustainable development of Bamiyan city in Afghanistan

363