reviewed properly . Some of unplanted sites in afforestation areas should be reserved in order to produce the diversity of the natural habitat .
GHG and CO 2
Emissions Reduction
This solution can be achieved by applying more than one strategy . These strategies could be :
• Using renewable energy and stop burning fossil fuels will reduce these emissions as mentioned above .
• Carbon tax : it ’ s a well-known instrument and can be applied within the existing administrative system . It considered cheaper than the emission trading system . The taxes are differentiate according to the GHG taxed , the size of the tax and the exceptions and concessions that provided for the large energy production stakeholders . High taxes are associated with the energy production from burning polluted fossil fuels ( in term of greenhouse gases ) while lower taxes for less polluted fossil fuels ( Diesendorf 2007 ; Spaulding et al . 2008 ).
• Emission trading : this way is much complex than the carbon taxes . It works to set standards for the allowable amount of emission . It can give special permissions for the some producers to emit specific amount . The allowable amount of emission should not obstruct the target of GHG emission reduction . It allow in trading the permits . This can be done by when some of entrants can decrease their emissions at lower cost than others . So , they have the ability to sell their permits for other entrants that decrease their emissions at higher cost ( Diesendorf 2007 ).
• Life cycle analysis ( LCA ): specific programs and methods used to measure the environmental performance for a building or product . It improve the construction steps and methods in order to achieve less carbon footprint e . g . using replacing some materials with other that has less carbon emission . Moreover , LCA used to measure the environmental performance for specific material or product which also helps to define the amount of emissions . Specifying the LCA for the materials that used in the building will reduce the emissions and increase the efficiency of the building .
Municipal Solid Waste ( MSW ) and Construction Waste Management Beside the strategies that already implemented in Turkey regarding the MSW , additional practices should be accomplished in order to minimize the waste generation . Waste reduction and recycling are the main strategies to reduce the MSW . Waste reduction could be done by increasing the durability and the life cycle of the product in order to resale it again . Thus , it could be done by composting . The use of internet has a significant impact on the use of the papers . MSW could be recycled if have the incentives and the support from the government . Economics of recycling should be considered before the recycling process occurs . This can be achieved by studying the energy cost of recycling product vs . landfill disposal . Thus , the energy cost of producing a new product from recycled one vs . producing new product from the scratch . Moreover , the health effect cost should be considered .
Social Awareness Peoples ’ awareness of environmental problems and the risks that associate with them is the first step toward sustainability . They have to understand the causes behind sustainability e . g . why we have to reduce the carbon and GHG emissions and why we have to reduce the green land degradation , etc . Therefore , when they understand these issues , they will convinced and have the motivation to change their behaviour . Changing in their behaviour will strongly affect in achieving the solutions because most of environmental problems are caused by the humans . Internal motivation of the individuals is important because it will take long term to behave sustainably . Social milieu should be helpful and encourage people to change their way toward sustainability . It may differ from one to another because of the way of thinking ( Werner 1999 ).
132 ZEMCH 2015 | International Conference | Bari - Lecce , Italy