Whittlesea CALD Communities Family Violence Research Report 2012 | Page 50
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Refugees & Women Without Permanent Residency
As has been discussed previously, ‘CALD’ is an extremely broad categorisation that covers many
different groups and individuals with a multitude of different characteristics and experiences. Within
this group, the literature identifies certain sub-groups of ‘CALD’ women who have a heightened
vulnerability in relation to family violence. Refugee and newly arrived CALD women without
permanent residency are two such groups. (Brewer, R., 2009, Pittaway,E., 2004, Pease & Rees 2006,
Pease & Rees 2008, Rees, S., 2004).
Refugees
Refugees (both women and men) bring to their country of settlement the effects of traumatic prearrival experiences. The refugee experience is typically characterised by exposure to high levels of
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violence, persecution and human rights violations, loss of family members as well as disruption
and upheaval (Pittaway, E., 2004, Rees, S., 2004, Pease & Rees, 2006, Pease & Rees, 2008). Pittaway
describes the combination of these pre-settlement experiences, both in the country of origin,
refugee camps and during flight as well as post-resettlement as ”cumulative risk factors” which
heighten refugee women’s vulnerability to family violence (Pittaway, K? ?
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