The plants around us. Volum II The plant around us. Volum II | Page 16

MALUS COMMUNİS English: Apple Spanish: Manzanas Apple trees are large if grown from seed. Generally apple cultivars are propagated by grafting onto rootstocks, which control the size of the resulting tree. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw and cider production. Trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production. Estonian: õunapuu Portuguese: Macieira Albanian: Mollë Turkish: Elma Catalan: Pomes The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first, and can develop a larger fruit. The fruit matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist with a wide range of sizes. The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, or russettedalthough many bi- or tri- colored cultivars may be found. The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i.e. rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax.