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until the item is sold or used in the production of an item that is sold. It also costs money to store, track and insure inventory. Inventories that are mismanaged can create significant financial problems for a business, whether the mismanagement results in an inventory glut or an inventory shortage. Job Instruction - Step by step (structured) on the job training method in which a trainer (1) prepares a trainee with an overview of the job, its purpose, and the results desired, (2) demonstrates the task or the skill to the trainee, (3) allows the trainee to demonstrate their ability and knowledge to perform the task and; (4) the trainer provides immediate feedback. In addition this teaches the trainers to live by the words “If the worker hasn’t learned, the trainer hasn’t trained”. Job Methods – A method in which people are trained to observe in finite detail what is currently happening within their process’s and how to determine by questioning every detail, what might be improved utilizing what is currently available in people, material, tools, etc. Job Production is used when a product is produced with the labor of one or few workers and is scarcely used for bulk and large scale production. It is mainly used for one-off products or prototypes; Boutique Manufacturing is suitable for the production of very small to small batches, i.e. orders of a few units up to several dozens of similar or equal goods. It is often organized with single workplaces or production cells carrying out a number of subsequent production steps until completion of certain components or even the whole product and large assembly lines are generally not used; Batch Production is the method used to produce or process any product in groups or batches where the products in the batch go through the whole production process together. It is usually decided upon when productivity of machines is desired or needed. It is the opposite of One-Piece-Flow, which is generally the most efficient when all things are considered. To move towards One Piece Flow is one of the stated goals of the Toyota Production System. Flow Production is when the product is built up through many segregated stages; the product is built upon at each stage; Computer Aided Manufacture and Computer Aided Design s the use of a wide range of computer-based software tools that assist engineers and architects alike. Job Relations - A simple 4 step method to insure that people problems can be resolved and minimized by retaining sight of the foundations of good relations. It includes building positive employee relations, increasing cooperation and motivation, and effectively resolving conflict. Job Safety – A methodology to teach supervisors that safety of others is a primary function of leadership and that it should entail the understanding that incidents are caused by a chain of events. The goal of supervision is to anticipate that chain of events and find ways to break the chain at any level to stop safety hazards. Job Safety Analysis (JSA) - A procedure which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job operation. In a JSA, each basic step of the job is to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job. Other terms used to describe this procedure are job hazard analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown. Some individuals prefer to expand the analysis into all aspects of the job, not just safety. This approach is known as total job analysis. Methodology is based on the idea that safety is an integral part of every job and not a separate entity. Kata: A kata is a pattern you practice to learn a skill and mindset. Through practice the pattern of a kata becomes second nature - done with little conscious attention - and readily available. The overall goal, as with any kata, is to make the pattern and mindset of the improvement kata an autonomic habit. This happens through deliberate, coached practice in daily work. Labor Centric Sourcing - Defining and quantifying the work it takes to do the job is a fundamental business method of workforce management. Ladder Logic Programming - Ladder logic was originally a written method to document the design and construction of relay racks as used in manufacturing and process control. Each device in the relay rack would be represented by a symbol on the ladder diagram with connections between those devices shown. Language - The method of communication, either spoken or written or computerized, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. Lean Six Sigma - Lean Six Sigma is a methodology that relies on the scientific method to improve performance, relying on collaborative team effort to improve performance by systematically removing waste; combining lean manufacturing/lean enterprise and Six Sigma to eliminate the eight kinds of waste (muda): Time, Inventory, Motion, Waiting, Over production, Over processing, Defects, and Skills (abbreviated as 'TIMWOODS'). Logical, Critical Thinking - Logic - concerned mainly with rules of inference and with methods of reasoning. Logic can be reduced to formal proofs and symbolism. Critical thinking involves putting logic into action in everyday speech and writing. It is not possible to do critical thinking without relying on an understanding of logic. Logic itself does not always involve critical thinking, especially if we are just dealing with formal systems and deductive methods