Chapter
2:
Concept
note
Especially
in
cases
that
parties
desire
clarity
as
to
their
rights
and
duties,
because
they
want
to
protect
their
interests
and
want
to
know
who
is
accountable
for
achieving
the
goals
set,
enforceability
will
be
an
important
issue.
The
same
applies
in
cases
where
vulnerable
values
(water
and
ecosystems
and
the
rights
of
vulnerable
groups)
are
at
stake.
If
vulnerable
values
are
at
stake,
their
role
should
be
recognized,
their
interests
should
be
sufficiently
protected
and
enforcement
mechanisms
should
be
available.
In
the
Yemen
case,
we
see
that
parties
rely
on
different
rules
(traditional
and
modern
water
rules)
when
they
request
enforcement.
These
-‐
sometimes
contradictionary
-‐
rules
hamper
enforcement,
due
to
fragmentation
and
a
lack
of
legitimacy,
which
in
the
end
may
lead
to
a
‘pick
and
choose
what
suits
you
best’
behavior.
Important
with
regard
to
enforcement
are
the
available
remedies
to
achieve
the
objectives.
Conflict
prevention
Conflict
prevention
asks
for
identifying
potential
economic,
social
and
political
benefits
of
cooperation.
The
concept
of
“Water
valuation
for
water
dispute
resolution”
shows
the
advantages
of
“benefit-‐sharing”
rather
than
“water-‐sharing”.
This
approach
involves
thinking
about
water
in
terms
of
its
value,
rather
than
just
in
terms
of
its
quantities,
quality
and
ownership.
The
parties
can
use
this
approach
to
negotiate
the
best
water
allocation
and
discuss
benefit
sharing.
Offering
compensation
in
case
a
reallocation
of
water
is
necessary,
and
may
even
diminish
the
risk
of
conflicts.
Also
in
the
Yemen
study,
it
became
clear
that
a
lack
of
compensation
measures,
fragmented
regulation
and
a
lack
of
legitimacy
are
causes
for
the
conflicts
at
stake.
Conflict
resolution
If
conflicts
do
occur,
parties
need
an
independent
mediator,
arbiter
or
judicial
authority
to
solve
the
conflict
and
determine
who
is
able
to
force
parties
to
act
in
conformity
with
the
final
ruling.
Conflicts
can
be
solved
in
a
proper
way
if
stakeholders
have
formulated
mutually
accepted
rules
and
procedures
that
prescribe
how
to
handle
or
follow
procedures
in
the
case
conflict
of
interests
arise
in
water
governance
and
management.
2.7
References
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ed.
2005.
Integrated
Water
Resources
Management
Plans.
Training
Manual
and
Operational
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Pretoria:
Cap-‐Net.
URL
[Accessed:
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Harrison,
N.E.,
ed.
2006.
Complexity
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Albany:
State
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New
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Huntjens,
P.,
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C.
&
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Huntjens,
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