Chapter
11:
Recommendations
complexity
and
uncertainty.
They
do
not
specify
blueprints,
but
encourage
sustainable
water
management
tuned
to
the
specific
features
of
local
geography,
ecology,
economies,
political
situations
and
cultures.
12. Before
steps
can
be
taken
to
reinforce
local
capacity,
a
baseline
assessment
of
the
current
problems
and
limitations
is
essential.
Issues
that
should
be
identified
include
the
clarity
and
strength
of
mandates,
institutional
boundaries,
capacities,
tasks,
roles,
responsibilities,
interests
and
involvement
of
all
relevant
stakeholders.
The
possibility
of
elite
capture,
as
observed
within
current
Water
User
Associations
or
Basin
Committees,
should
explicitly
be
avoided.
Proven
methods
exist
to
avoid
elite
capture
during
collective
choice
sessions
and
independent
operation
of
the
committee
(ranging
from
protocols
for
decision-‐making
to
making
unwanted
behavior
publicly
known),
but
all
possible
solutions
should
be
made
to
measure.
13. For
the
institutional
design
it
is
recommended
to
identify
and
(further)
develop
appropriate
tools
and
instruments
for:
a. monitoring
and
evaluation,
b. graduated
sanctions,
c.
collective
choice
arrangements
with
broad
and
horizontal
stakeholder
participation
(e.g.,
involving
respected
elderly
people
who
know
about
traditions),
d. equal
and
fair
(re)
distribution
of
costs,
e. benefits
and
risks
and
f. conflict
prevention
and
resolution
mechanisms
14. For
all
these
institutional
elements,
all
parties
(donor
community,
Yemeni
Government,
civil
society,
etc.)
have
to
be
aware
that
it
is
crucial
to
develop
context-‐specific
arrangements.
These
arrangements
should
take
the
environment
in
which
local
authorities
and
WUAs
have
to
operate
into
account,
focusing
on
effective
cooperation
between
them,
the
required
capacity
building
and
training
of
staff,
joint
information
production
and
exchange,
how
to
deal
with
corruption,
and
how
to
provide
a
positive
incentive
structure,
which
stimulates
accountability
and
responsiveness.
15. When
common-‐pool
resources
involve
the
interests
of
multiple
stakeholders,
as
in
the
case
of
larger
(transboundary)
river
basins
or
groundwater
systems,
an
additional
design
principle
needs
to
be
added
in
order
to
ensure
the
foundation
for
a
more
robust
governance
system:
Local
parties
tend
to
only
address
the
local
issues,
whereas
national
parties
tend
to
only
address
the
national
priorities.
In
the
case
of
boundary-‐crossing
common-‐pool
resources,
both
the
local
and
national
voices
need
to
be
included
in
decision-‐making
process.
Therefore,
multi-‐level
collective
governance
is
needed.
As
collective
governance
does
not
emerge
spontaneously,
it
should
be
built
upon
traditional
governance
structures,
rather
than
(new
external)
state
structures,
with
active
facilitation
and
promotion.
16. Furthermore,
a
river
basin
approach
can
be
developed
and
implemented
step-‐by-‐step.
In
the
first
step,
a
river
basin
approach
can
be
used
to
gather
data
on
water
rights,
current
usage
and
interventions
that
might
have
an
impact
on
the
availability
and
distribution
of
water
(e.g.
check-‐
dams,
deep
wells).
Projecting
these
figures
onto
the
physical
and
socio-‐economic
changes
helps
to
identify
sources
of
conflict,
as
well
as
to
find
solutions
to
the
conflict.
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