Test Drive | Page 15

  • Surface   (otherwise   known   flood)   water:   There   are   restrictions   concerning   the   distribution   of   water,   but   they   are   in   many   cases   out-­‐dated   as   they   do   not   accommodate   for   the   presence   of   permanent   structures  (check  dams)  and  the  impact  of  these  structures  on  groundwater  recharge  and  hence  the   availability  of  drinking  water.   • Groundwater:   Historically,   for   groundwater   rules   are   not   specified,   though   in   several   cases   a   distance   rule  is  used,  which  in  the  water  law  is  specified  as  a  distance  of  at  least  500m  between  wells.  In  some   cases   some   new   informal   rules   have   been   developed,   for   example   regarding   the   purpose   for   which   the  water  may  be  applied,  who  is  allowed  to  use  it,  and  embargo  zones.     • Subsurface   flow:   Subsurface   flow   is   the   water   in-­‐between   the   surface   water   and   the   groundwater.   Any   physical   interference,   for   example   through   the   construction   of   impermeable   structures   in   ephemeral  streams,  may  have  large  impacts  on  the  available  surface  and  groundwater  downstream.   Nevertheless,  this  source  is  often  overlooked  and  consequently,  no  formal  water  rights  or  allocation   rules  have  been  formulated  for  subsurface  flow.     Pluriformity  of  conflict  resolution  mechanisms   With   regard   to   conflict   resolution   mechanisms,   a   main   observation   is   that   there   are   multiple   mechanisms   (traditional   and   formal),   however   they   are   individually   and   collectively   too   weak   to   address   the   risk   and   outbreak  of  confli 7B