Test Drive | Page 130

Chapter  8:  Case  studies  in  Wadi  Siham     Chapter  8.    Case  studies  in  Wadi  Siham   Key  message:     • Wadi   Siham   has   experienced   a   process   of   commoditization   of   agriculture   paralleled   by   social  differentiation  and  weakening  of  power  and  authority  of  traditional  local  leadership,   i.e.,  shaikhs;   • The   Wadi   Siham   Improvement   Project   exacerbated   a   process   of   water   control   gradually   moving   upstream   and   concentrating   in   the   hands   of   investors   with   a   certain   social,   and   often  external,  status;     • The   revolution   of   2011   weakened   both   traditional   and   governmental   authorities   even   more;   • Both   formal   and   informal   conflict   resolution   mechanisms   are   increasingly   weakened,   ineffective,  and  corrupted;   • Local  inhabitants  go  to  traditional  authorities  for  minor  disputes,  mostly  related  to  family   issues;   • People   feel   they   are   increasingly   oppressed   by   a   system   of   sheer   corruption   in   which   local   elites,  external  powerful  actors,  and  governmental  officers  are  the  winners  in  the  control   over  water,  while  less  powerful  groups  are  left  with  no  means  to  fight  for  their  rights  and   solve  water  conflicts  to  their  benefit;   • A  main  challenge  is  how  to  build  a  critical  mass  of  local  stakeholders  to  address  overdue   issues   on   water   distribution   and   ensure   the   representation   of   the   interest   of   the   least   powerful  in  this.     The Political Economy in Yemen of Water Management: Conflict Analysis and Recommendations  117  of  241