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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF METHAMPHETAMINE BY DENTAL PATIENTS IN THE UNITED STATES that methamphetamine users had higher decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), and that the duration of use significantly increased this score. 50 Recent analysis of this demographic corroborates this finding, and adds to the current knowledge base by establishing that methamphetamine users were twice as likely to have untreated caries as a control group (non-users), and four times as likely to have “caries experience”. The data published by this group also found, counter to the popular perception that smoking methamphetamine causes the most severe manifestations of “meth mouth”, that injection users of MA had significantly higher rates of tooth decay compared with noninjectors. 51 Periodontal disease was also found to be “unusually high” among meth users. “Whereas 37% of adults aged 35 to 49 years in the US general population have total periodontitis, more than 89% of the MA Author contributions Equal contribution to the paper. Acknowledgments The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study. There are no conflicts of interest and no financial interests to be disclosed. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 296 users showed total periodontitis”. 45 Xerostomia and dehydration associated with meth use (mediated by alpha-2 receptors in the brain) causes users to crave sugar, and these individuals crave and typically drink “large quantities of soft drinks”. 43 Additionally, oral hygiene may suffer significantly during periods of heavy drug use. 43 Bruxism is reported by 68% of meth users in a study of the effects of chronic meth use on oral health. 5 Gonzales R, Mooney L, Rawson RA. The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. 2010;31:385-398. doi: 10.1146/ annurev.publhealth.012809.103600. [Full text links] [Free PMC Article] [PubMed] Google Scholar (191) Dobkin C, Nicosia N. The war on drugs: methamphetamine, public health, and crime. Am Econ Rev. 2009;99(1):324-349. [Full text links] [Free PMC Article] [PubMed] Google Scholar (141) Scopus (54) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Data, Outcomes, and Quality [Internet]. 2002-2012 [updated 2014 Sept 14; cited 2016 March 3]. Available from: http://archive.samhsa. gov/data/default.aspx Hoffman, M. Vice News [Internet]. 2016 [updated 2016 Jan 6; cited 2016 March 12]. [Full text link:] U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Office of Intelligence and Operations Coordination [Internet]. 2009[updated 2010; cited 2016 March 5]. [Full text link] United Nations Office on Drug and Crime [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2016 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www. unodc.org/documents/about-unodc/AR08_WEB.pdf Ompad DC, Galea S, Fuller CM, Phelan D, Vlahov D. Club drug use among minority substance users in New York City. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2004;36(3):397-399. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2004.10400039. [PubMed] Google Scholar (22) Scopus (17) Ompad DC, Galea S, Fuller CM, Edwards V, Vlahov D. Ecstasy use among Hispanic and black substance users in New York City. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(9- 10):1399-1407. doi: 10.1081/JA-200066960 [Full text link] Google Scholar (22) Scopus (14) Winslow BT, Voorhees KI, Pehl KA. Methamphetamine abuse. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(8):1169-174. [Full text links] [Free Article] [PubMed] Google Scholar (144) Rawson RA, Gonzales R, Obert JL, McCann MJ, Brethen P. Methamphetamine use among treatment- seeking adolescents in Southern California: participant characteristics and treatment response. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2005;29(2):67-74. doi: 10.1016/j. jsat.2005.04.001 [Full text links] [PubMed] Google Scholar (79) Scopus (52) Messina N, Marinelli-Casey P, Hillhouse M, et al. Childhood adverse events and methamphetamine use among men and women. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2008;Suppl 5:399-409.-409. [PubMed] Google Scholar (25) Scopus (19) Brown AH, Domier CP, Rawson RA. Stimulants, sex, and gender. Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2005;12(2-3):169- 180. doi: 10.1080/10720160500203674 [Full text links] Google Scholar (29) Buchacz K, McFarland W, Kellogg TA, et al. Amphetamine use is associated with increased HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in San 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Francisco. AIDS. 2005 Sep 2;19(13):1423-1424. [Full text links] [PubMed] Google Scholar (172) Scopus (122) Frosch D, Shoptaw S,