FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF METHAMPHETAMINE BY DENTAL PATIENTS
IN THE UNITED STATES
of fine motor functioning, attention, processing
speed, memory, mental flexibility, and verbal
fluency. 32,37,41 Furthermore, longer-term abstinence
has been associated with reports of discernable
improvement in mood and reduction of emotional
distress. 41 If abstinence from methamphetamine
abuse is sustained, there is data to suggest that
structural recovery of neurological composition may
occur. Morales et al. found that methamphetamine
dependent individuals who were able to attain
abstinence for one month displayed an increase
of gray matter in all of the cortical regions that
were assessed. 42 Continued abstinence from
methamphetamine use has been shown to correlate
with increase gray matter density. A 2005 study
found that participants who achieved long term
abstinence (6 months or more) had greater prefrontal
grey-matter density and less impairment of frontal
executive functioning compared to participants
who reported short-term abstinence (less than 6
months). 32 These findings provide strong evidence
for individuals who suffer from methamphetamine
addiction can recovery to become well-functioning
both cognitively and physically.
294
4. Recommendations for dental treatment
As health care professionals, it is essential
that we understand the powerful effects of
methamphetamine abuse on the individual and on
the community. An appreciation of the interrelated
bio-psycho-social factors that contribute to the
cycles of methamphetamine abuse is essential for
comprehensive treatment. The harmful impact of
methamphetamine use, such as neurological deficits
in episodic memory, increase rates of psychological
disorders, and serious physiological health concerns
are interrelated. Moreover, health professionals
should be aware of the comorbid nature of
methamphetamine use with other psychological and
substance abuse disorders.
When dealing with dental disease, it is valuable to
know the adverse effects of methamphetamine on
oral health. Contrary to common belief, research
indicates that intravenous (injection) administration
of methamphetamine has been linked with increased
rates of dental disease as compared to smoking or
inhaling. 39,43 Route of administration is pertinent
information for dentists to gather when creating
a treatment plan to combat dental disease with a
person who is actively using methamphetamine.
Thorough information gathering regarding daily
activities, such as dietary habits, will also help lead to
effective dental treatment. Methamphetamine users
have reported increased consumption of sugary
drinks, which has been known to cause to increased
rates in dental carries with users. 39,43,44
4.1. Empathetic communication throughout
treatment enhances outcomes
This demographic also suffers from periodontal
disease which may lead to tooth loss. All information
received from a patient should be met with
appreciation and empathy. In order to increase
likelihood of consistent care, gather information
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