A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF SYSTEMIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES
Review Article
Mombelli et al . 7 described peri-implantitis as a sitespecific inflammatory condition , which displays clinical and radiographic features that are similar to those in patients with chronic periodontitis . Data regarding the prevalence of peri-implantitis is inconsistent . In the study by Koldsland et al ., 8 the prevalence of peri-implantitis ranged between 11.3 % and 47.1 %; whereas Mombelli et al . 9 reported peri-implantitis in 20 % of their study population during 5 to 10 years of followup . In the study by Zitzmann and Berglundh , 6 the frequency of peri-implantitis varied between 28 % and at least 56 % of the participants and 12 % and 43 % of individual implants . Peri-implant diseases are categorized into two types namely , peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis . Periimplant mucositis is characterized by inflammation of soft tissues around the implant without any signs of peri-implant alveolar bone loss . 6 Patients with peri-implant mucositis exhibit bleeding on probing ( BOP ), peri-implant probing depth ≥
10 , 11
4mm and / or suppuration . A variety of factors , local as well as systemic factors have been associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis . 12-16 It is well known that poor oral hygiene , tobacco smoking , poor bone quality and quantity , jaw location and bruxism are among the most common local factors associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis . Nevertheless , the contribution of systemic factors such as immunosuppression ( as observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome , osteoporosis , poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus and cancer ) and use of medications ( such as bisphosphonates and corticosteroids ) that have also been associated with the etiology of periimplantitis cannot be disregarded ( Fig . 1 ). 17-21 Considering the length of the article , the author dedicated the present article to comprehensively review the systemic risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis . The aim of the present comprehensive review was to provide an overview of current literature regarding the systemic conditions associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis .
2 . Materials and methods 2.1 . Focused question The addressed focused question was “ Which systemic conditions are associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases ?” 2.2 . Literature search strategy PubMed / Medline , Scopus , EMBASE , ISI Web of knowledge and Google-Scholar databases were searched from till January 2017 using the following key words : “ arthritis ”, “ cancer ”, “ diabetes mellitus ”; “ acquired immune deficiency syndrome ”; “ renal disorders ”; “ osteoporosis ”, “ peri-implant / periimplant ” and “ genetics ”. Clinical studies assessing the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases were included . 2.3 . Eligibility criteria Results from only clinical studies were included . Letters to the Editor , historic reviews , case-reports , case-series , in-vitro studies , studies on animal models and commentaries were excluded . The pattern of the present comprehensive review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information .
Figure 1 . Systemic factors associated with peri-implant diseases .
40 Stoma Edu J . 2017 ; 4 ( 1 ): 39-45 . http :// www . stomaeduj . com