7) Information gathering & analysis must be continuous and driven by prioritized
requirements.
8) Protection of Civilians should be at the forefront of every operation.
9) Legitimacy matters – PK presence/operational necessity must be
communicated/understood.
10) The conduct/behavior of peacekeepers must be good/ethical.
11) Peacekeepers need to be respectful of the culture, traditions, and sensitivities
of local people.
12) Good public relations must be achieved – with local authorities, local people,
and the media.
13) Senior Leadership matters – for relationship-building and ensuring unity of
effort.
14) Training is paramount – especially on security, ROE, Code of Conduct, and
cultural awareness.
15) Female peacekeepers enhance operational effectiveness & open channels with
local women.
16) Missions must plan & be prepared to appropriately respond to refugee and IDP
scenarios.
Notably, quantitative analysis published in a recent Stability journal article (March 2018)
identifies many of the same factors as keys to reducing violence in peacekeeping
operations. Four factors of prominence are:
1) Deploying into continuing armed conflict as it is the case in Somalia, Sudan, South
Sudan or the DRC, and to some extent also in CAR and Mali, thwarts the chances of
establishing comprehensive peace ... Indeed, during the deployment of [such]
stabilization missions the number of battle deaths, domestic unrest and refugees is
increasing, while scores for personal safety are decreasing. In the long-run, such a
situation is unsustainable. However … If there is a working peace agreement, the
chances of a positive impact are significantly higher. Burundi, Liberia, Ivory
Coast and Sierra Leone have responded fairly well to international peacekeeping by
displaying mostly stable positive trends … The impact of peacekeeping depends
to a fair degree on the end or at least control of violent conflict prior to deploy-
ment.
[This aligns with (1) above.]
2) What brings down non-lethal forms of violence might be less related to the deploy-
ment of a peacekeeping mission and more about the quality of security govern-
ance in a country. … Higher scores in the quality of security governance are
positively related to lower numbers of domestic unrest [and violence]. If peacekeep-
ers aim at reducing violence, a stronger focus on security governance issues is
needed.
[To affect the quality of security governance, (3) above is necessary.]
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