Oorsig/Review
imbalances, maternal over-nutrition, in-utero
viral infection, in-utero exposure to mycotoxins,
uteroplacental insufficiency (small placenta, low
number of cotyledons, placentitis) and maternal
toxaemia.
Figure 11: In-utero growth retardation
Figure 14: Broadening basisphenoid
This premature closure of the synchondroses
results in doming of the forehead, flattening of
the face, shortening of the maxilla (figure 13) and
broadening of the basisphenoid bone (figure 14).
Figure 12: Age matched fetus without IUGR
The gross features of in-utero growth retardation
include the conformational defects of shortening
of the forelimbs, doming of the forehead,
facial flattening, basisphenoid thickening and
shortening of the maxilla (figure 11 and figure
12). The head deformities that develop as a
consequence of in-utero growth retardation arise
due to premature closure of the synchondroses
(cartilaginous joints) of the skull. The skull
is therefore unable to elongate and can only
effectively grow taller and broader.
Figure 13: Head deformity IUGR
8
Fetal
oversize/dystochia
frequently
characterized by facial swelling with swollen
tongue, subcutaneous edema with bruising and
frequently accompanied by meconium staining.
Figure 15: Fetal oversize / dystochia
Figure 16: Mycotic dermatitis – shoulders