Program Success July 2014 | Page 15

Black Power By this time , civil rights activists were turning their attention to race discrimination in the urban North
The Movement Legacy As late as 1969 , 15 years after Brown , only 1 percent of the black students in the Deep South were attending public schools with whites . After a series of legal cases in the late 1960s , the federal courts finally dismantled segregated schools . They required school districts to implement plans , such as school-district rezoning , that would bring black and white school children and faculty under one roof. In 1971 the Supreme Court upheld school busing as a viable means of meeting integration goals .
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Mug-shot pictures of Freedom Riders arrested for their non-violent bus protest .
Front Cover Feature We Shall Over Come Civil Rights 1964 - 2014 John Lewis , Stokely Carmichael , Lindon B . Johnson , Black Panthers Dr . Martin Luther King , Jr Jacksonville , Florida August 2014
Black Power By this time , civil rights activists were turning their attention to race discrimination in the urban North

" and West . Many younger activists , discontented lJ, r I tL with the slow process of change , were also

� � becoming more militant . The SNCC , for instance , in 1966 replaced its chair , John Lewis , with the more a radical Stokely Carmichael . Carmichael expanded
�����I���������� SNCC operations beyond the South and helped popularize the concept of " black power ." Advocates of black power favored African Americans ' controlling the movement , exercising economic autonomy , and preserving their African heritage . Most controversial were the call for racial separatism and the principle of self-defense against white violence . These tenets were contrary to the ideals of more traditional activists who favored racial integration and passive resistance .
A leading group within the black-power struggle was the Black Panthers . Organized in Oakland , Calif. , in 1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey P . Newton , it included among its members the activist and writer Eldridge Cleaver . Probably the best-known figure within the radical wing of the civil rights movement was Malcolm X . He emerged from but broke with the Nation of Islam , also known as the Black Muslims . By the mid-1970s , however , the black-power movement had faded . It never gained the support of the larger African American populace .
The Movement Legacy As late as 1969 , 15 years after Brown , only 1 percent of the black students in the Deep South were attending public schools with whites . After a series of legal cases in the late 1960s , the federal courts finally dismantled segregated schools . They required school districts to implement plans , such as school-district rezoning , that would bring black and white school children and faculty under one roof. In 1971 the Supreme Court upheld school busing as a viable means of meeting integration goals .
By this time - after the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr ., in 1968 ; the rise of black militancy ; and discernible gains in black employment opportunities - the civil rights movement had begun losing momentum . Observers maintain that the movement has a mixed legacy . It produced major legislation that reformed American society . It opened up new political , social , and economic opportunities to blacks . Veterans of the movement , however , lament that it fell short of addressing the economic needs of poor Americans . The struggle continues as history continues to be written .