Popular Culture Review Vol. 27, No. 1, Winter 2016 | Page 83

        One  of  Dante’s  shades,  the  soulless  entities  that  inhabit  The Inferno, initiates Brown’s  prologue  with  the  pronouncement  of  “I  am  the  Shade.”  Other Danterelated references include the sinners in Inferno (“the  lustful  bodies  writhing in fiery rain, the gluttonous souls floating in excrement, the treacherous villains frozen  in  Satan’s  icy  grasp”),  the  guide  Virgil,  and  the  abyss.   The division of the Divine Comedy into 100 cantos, with the first 34 in Inferno. The  quotation  “Abandon  all  hope  ye  who  enter  here,”  referring  to  the  entrance  to   the Gates of Hell (Canto III, verse 9). The opening lines of Canto I. The scheming scientist Zobrist refers to these lines to  acknowledge  Dante’s  help  in  finding  his  “path”  to  save  humanity. “Midway upon the journey of our life I found myself within a forest dark, for  the  straightforward  path  had  been  lost” “The  path  to  paradise  passes  directly  though  hell. Dante  taught  us  that.” The  references  to  Dante’s  Nine  Rings  of  Hell  and  to  overpopulation. Malthusian mathematics propels the reader to the first ring. A  quotation  “derived”  from  Dante,  canto  3,  verses  35-42. According to several sources, this quotation appears to have been attributed to President John F. Kennedy. It appears at least twice in the novel—first in the preface and second as a message and threat from the reclusive scientist Zobrist to Dr. Elizabeth Sinskey, Director of the World Health Organization. o “The  darkest  places  in  hell are reserved for those who maintain their neutrality in times  of  moral  crisis.” As Langdon and Dr. Sienna Brooks are being pursued through the interior maze of secret chambers and passageways in the Palazzo Vecchio, Langdon dec Y\