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treatment of the relationships between different individuals, relevant groups, and
organizations (Wasserman & Faust, 1994). In SNA, how these different nodes
are linked is examined in order to show how what kinds of relationships and
communication occur between the different bodies in the particular social
network. SNA stresses the interdependence and relationships between the
various bodies within the system, and that the emphasis is on the entire entity as
a creation or “single unit of analysis,” rather than the individuals and groups
within that community (Wasserman & Faust, 1994). In this way, the connections
are just as important to examine as the roles.
The Jim Rome Show"^ different bodies include the host, callers, and
listeners, but also athletes and coaches who are both the subjects of conversation
and at times participants as interviewees. In examining the relationships between
these various entities, it is clear that the power to dictate levels and types of
communication rest with the host, but that these rules apply to all groups within
the system. Even prominent athletes are expected to adhere to the group norms,
and those who “disrespect” the show by not observing the interdependent nature
of the program are chastised by both Rome and the callers. For example, when
NBA player Alonzo Mourning came onto the show to pitch an event, but refused
to discuss a basketball topic of current interest, his unwillingness to cover the
latter topic was openly critiqued for weeks thereafter. The host and fans alike
expressed skepticism about “Zo” ever returning to the show.
Reffue (2006) notes that Rome is somewhat unique in allowing callers to
his show to share their ideas in a “monologue” fashion, rather than engaging in
dialogue that is heard more commonly on sports talk radio (and what one might
assume is more necessary in establishing community). This means that the
callers contribute in much the same way as the host does, allowing for a stronger
sense of influence for all of the members. Relationships and communication
occur between all of the groups involved: callers engage with the host and
directly other callers, as well as with athletes and coaches during some interview
segments. These possibilities to have influence occur live on the radio, but also
through other forms of supporting media as well. The Jim Rome Show includes
on its website opportunities for fans not just to download and listen to archived
past shows, but to contribute to the show through texts and e-mails.
Even in situations where the individuals are anonymous to the other
members of the group (as is the case with most of the Rome listeners), the
strength of the group influence can be quite high if the sense of group identity is
solid. At times these influences may be even more extensive than when
individuals interact in person (Amichai-Hamburger & McKenna, 2006), making
the cultural context of key importance.
Integration and Fulfillment of Needs
As membership continues in the group, McMillan and Chavis assert that
there needs to be reinforcement for belonging to the group, some sense that
status or other rewards are associated with being a part of the group, and that
there are shared values that guide which needs are most critical.