The White House, “Joint Statement by the United States of
America and the Kingdom of Morocco,” November 22, 2013.
4
Stephen Zunes, “The Future of Western Sahara Morocco’s plan
for autonomy falls well short of what is necessary to bring about
a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Western Sahara,” July 21,
2007.
5
US Department of State, “Western Sahara,” https://www.
state.gov/documents/organization/160080.pdf.
6
United Nation Security Council resolution 690, On estab-
lishment of the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western
Sahara, S/RES/690, April 29, 1991, http://www.un.org/en/ga/
search/view_doc.asp?symbol =S/RES/690(1991).
7
US Department of State, “Western Sahara,” https://www.state.
gov/documents/organization/160080.pdf; US Department
of State, “2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.
Western Sahara,” April 20, 2018, https://www.state.gov/j/drl/
rls/hrrpt/2017/nea/277271.htm.
8
UN News (31 October 2018) Security Council extends man-
date of UN peace mission in Western Sahara by six months. Re-
trieved from http://news.un.org/en/story/2018/10/1024582
9
US Department of State, “A Guide to the United States’
History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations,
by Country, since 1776: Morocco,” https://history.state.gov/
countries/morocco.
10
The Heritage Foundation, “King Hussan’s Morocco: A Valu-
able Ally, The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, no. 1023
(March 13, 1995).
11
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York: Dou-
bleday & Company, 1948), 87.
12
Guilain Denoeux, “Morocco,” Countries at the Crossroads
2011: An Analysis of Democratic Governance, 2011 ed. (Plym-
outh, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012), 425.
13
US Department of State, “A Guide to the United States’
History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations,
by Country, since 1776 – Morocco,” https://history.state.gov/
countries/morocco.
14
Kerry A. Dolan, “Why Morocco Matters To The US,” Forbes
Online, November 21, 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/
kerryadolan/2013/11/21/why-morocco-matters-to-the-u-s/ -
21b3376e4f75.
15
Donald J. Trump, National Security Strategy of the United
States of America (Washington, DC: The White House, De-
cember 2017), 52.
16
Ibid., 53.
17
John F. Kerry, FY 2014-2017 Strategic Plan (Washington,
DC: US Department of State and United State Agency for
International Development, March 17, 2014),15-17.
18
Jim Mattis, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy
of the United States of America. Sharpening the American Mili-
tary’s Competitive Edge (Washington, DC: US Department of
Defense, January 19, 2018), 10.
19
The Global Counterterrorism Forum can be located at
https://www.thegctf.org; The Kingdom of Morocco Depart-
ment of Communication, “The US - Morocco Strategic Dia-
logue,” April 7, 2015, http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/us-mo-
rocco-strategic-dialogue.
20
Abdel-Rahim Al-Manar Slimi, “The United States, Moroc-
co and the Western Sahara Dispute,” June 17, 2009, http://
carnegieendowment.org/2009/06/17/united-states-moroc-
co-and-western-sahara-dispute-pub-23275; The White House,
3
“Joint Statement by the United States of America and the King-
dom of Morocco,” November 22, 2013, https://obamawhite-
house.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/22/joint-state-
ment-united-states-america-and-kingdom-morocco.
21
Michael Rubin, “Why the Western Sahara matters,” Journal
of International Security Affairs, American Enterprise Institute
( July 27, 2015), http://www.aei.org/publication/why-the-west-
ern-sahara-matters.
22
The White House, “Joint Statement by the United States of
America and the Kingdom of Morocco.”
23
Brahim Saidy, “American Interests in the Western Sahara
Conflict,” American Foreign Policy Interests 33 (2011): 86–92.
24
Ministry of Culture and Communication, Kingdom of
Morocco, “The US-Morocco Strategic Dialogue,” April 7, 2015,
http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/us-morocco-strategic-dia-
logue.
25
Brahim Saidy, “American Interests in the Western Sahara
Conflict,” 87.
26
United Nations Security Council resolution 690, On estab-
lishment of the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western
Sahara, S/RES/690.
27
Carol Migdalovitz, Western Sahara: Status of Settlement
Efforts, RS20962 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research
Service, December 11, 2008); i.
28
The White House, “Joint Statement by the United States of
America and the Kingdom of Morocco.”
29
Migdalovitz, Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts, i.
30
Ibid., i.
31
Anna Theofilopoulou, The United Nations and Western
Sahara. A Never-ending Affair (Washington DC: United States
Institute of Peace) 3-4.; Andreu Solà Martín, “The Contri-
bution of Critical Theory to New Thinking on Peacekeep-
ing: Some Lessons from MINURSO,” https://bradscholars.
brad.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10454/930/CCR15.pdf ?se-
quence=1&isAllowed=y.
32
Karl Magyar, Maris McCrabb, Albert Mitchum, Jr., and
Lewis Ware, Challenge and Response - Anticipating US Mili-
tary Security Concerns (CreateSpace Independent Publishing
Platform, August 1, 2012).
33
Christian Ranheim, “Peace In Sight? After 40 years of oc-
cupation, why has no one managed to create peace in Western
Sahara,” 14-15, https://saih.no/assets/docs/SAIH_Rapport_
ENG_digital_oppslag_doble-sider.pdf.
34
Sahara Press Service, “MINURSO: Guterres proposes $53.87
million budget during year 2018-19,” March 31, 2018, https://
www.spsrasd.info/news/en/articles/2018/03/31/14614.html;
Dunbar, Charles, “Saharan Stasis: Status and Future Prospects
of the Western Sahara Conflict,” The Middle East Journal 54,
no. 4 (Autumn 2000).
35
Andreu Solà-Martín, “Lessons from MINURSO: A contri-
bution to new thinking,” International Peacekeeping 13, no. 3
(2006): 366-380.
36
Anna Theofilopoulou, Western Sahara: The Failure of "Ne-
gotiations without Preconditions (Washington, DC: United
States Institute of Peace, April 23, 2010); Solà-Martín, “Lessons
from MINURSO: A contribution to new thinking.”
37
Louis Charbonneau, “U.N. warns of Western Sahara war if
peacekeeping mission ends,” April 19, 2016, https://af.reuters.
com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0XG1WD; Ann Marie
Wainscott, “Without Reform, UN’s Western Sahara Mission
26