ORAL IMPLANTOLOGY
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LOCAL RISK-FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES
Mohammed Alshehri 1a *
1
Dental Department , King Khalid University Hospital , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia a
DDS , PhD , Consultant in Cosmetic , Restorative and Implant Dentistry
Cite this article : Alshehri M . A comprehensive review of the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases . Stoma Edu J . 2016 ; 3 ( 2 ): 193-199 .
Received : March 10 , 2016 Accepted : August 31 , 2016
Available online : September 15 , 2016
ABSTRACT
Background : A variety of factors ( local and systemic ) have been associated with the etiology of periimplant diseases . Objective : The aim was to provide an overview of current literature regarding the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases . Data sources : Indexed databases were searched till June 2016 using different combinations of the following key words : “ bruxism ”; “ oral biofilm ”; “ peri-implant diseases ”; “ peri-implantitis ”, “ riskfactors ” and “ smoking ”. Study selection : Clinical studies assessing the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of periimplantitis were included . Letters to the Editor , case-reports , case-series , in-vitro studies , studies on animal models and commentaries were excluded . Data extraction : The pattern of the present comprehensive review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information . Data synthesis : Poor bone density and volume are associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases . Excessive plaque accumulation and history of periodontitis are core etiological factors associated with peri-implant diseases . The relative risk for peri-implantitis was significantly higher in patients with a previous history of periodontitis compared to peri-implantitis patients without a history of periodontal disease . Periodontopathogens associated with periodontitis have also been isolated from peri-implant sulci of patients with peri-implantitis . Peri-implantitis is most often manifested in patients with bruxism and tobacco smoking habit . Other factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases include presence of cement excess and operator ’ s clinical experience . Bone quality and quantity , poor oral hygiene , smoking , bruxism , occlusal overloading , history of periodontitis and operator ’ s experience are common local factors associated peri-implant diseases . Keywords : dental implant ; osseointegration ; bruxism ; smoking ; periodontitis .
1 . Introduction Dental implants are an innovative replacement for traditional fixed and removable dental prosthesis such as bridges and dentures , respectively 1 . Numerous studies 2-4 have reported implant success and survival rates of up to 100 %. Nevertheless , with the increasing number of patients receiving dental implants , the prevalence of peri-implant diseases has also increased 1 , 5 . Peri-implant diseases are categorized into two types namely , peri-implant mucositis and periimplantitis . Peri-implant mucositis is characterized by soft tissue inflammation around the implant without any signs of alveolar bone loss 6 . The clinical signs of peri-implant mucositis include bleeding on probing ( BOP ) and / or suppuration , which are usually associated with probing depth ( PD ) of at least 4 millimeters ( mm ) with no evidence of radiographic loss of bone 7 , 8 . According to a consensus report from the 6th European Workshop on Periodontology , peri-implantitis is defined as the presence of inflammation of the peri-implant mucosa and concurrent loss of supporting alveolar bone 6 . Mombelli et al . 9 described peri-implantitis as a site-specific inflammatory condition , which displays clinical and radiographic features that
* Corresponding author :
Dr . Mohammad Alshehri , DDS , PhD , Assistant Professor and Consultant , Dental Department , King Khalid University Hospital , King Saud University Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Tel : + 96655380333 , Fax : + 966114672428 , e-mail : dr _ mzs @ hotmail . com
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