such activities are often used in tandem with so-called kinetic operations to achieve greater psychological and strategic effects . With such familiarity , military planners will be able to plan and operate more effectively in the current complex environment by understanding how key components of political activism by adversaries are often used in a systematic and synchronized way to achieve political objectives .
Notes
Epigraph . Roger Trinquier , Modern Warfare , A French View of Counterinsurgency ( London : Pall Mall Press Ltd ., 1964 ), 4 .
1 . Paul F . Lazarsfeld , Bernard Berelson , and Hazel Gaudet , The People ’ s Choice , 2nd ed . ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1948 ), 137 ; Elihu Katz , “ The Two-Step Flow of Communication : An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis ,” The Public Opinion Quarterly 21 , no . 1 ( Spring 1957 ): 61 – 78 ( anniversary issue devoted to twenty years of public opinion research ); Elihu Katz and Paul F . Lazarsfeld , Personal Influence , The Part Played by People in the flow of Mass Communications ( New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers , 2006 ), 31 – 42 .
2 . George M . Beal and Joseph M . Bohlen , “ The Diffusion Process ,” supplement to North Central Regional Publication No . 1 of the Agricultural Extension Services , How Farm People Accept New Ideas , Special Report 15 ( Ames , IA : Iowa State University , 1981 ), accessed 15 August 2016 , http :// www . soc . iastate . edu / extension / pub / comm / SP15 . pdf . The relative influence of opinion leaders as opposed to media was examined in a 1959 study by Iowa State University researchers Joe Bohlen and George Beal , who concluded that shifts in opinion could be explained by an apparent five-step decision-making process observed among groups of farmers considering adoption of a new hybrid corn strain . They noted the steps of the process as awareness , information , or interest ; evaluation ; trial ; and adoption . They concluded that media play an important role in the first two stages ( awareness and information or interest ); however , they play a less significant role in the last three stages , where opinion leaders communicating through interpersonal contact become the major factors leading to changes in opinion and behavior .
3 . Maxwell E . McCombs and Donald L . Shaw , “ The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media ,” Public Opinion Quarterly 36 ( 2 ) ( 1972 ): 174 , doi : 10.1086 / 267990 , provides the first instance of such studies ; for more examples see Maxwell E . McCombs , Setting the Agenda : The Mass Media and Public Opinion , 2nd ed . ( Malden , MA : Polity , 2014 ); see also Donald L . Shaw , Bradley J . Hamm , and Thomas Terry , “ Vertical vs . Horizontal Media : Using Agenda-Setting and Audience Agenda-Melding to Create Public Information Strategies in the Emerging Papyrus Society ,” Military Review 86 ( 6 ) ( 2006 ): 13 – 25 .
4 . Donald L . Shaw , Thomas C . Terry , and Milad Minooie , “ Military Communication Strategies Based on How Audiences Meld Media and Agendas ,” Military Review 95 , no . 6 ( November-December 2015 ): 17 .
5 . Stanley Pierson , Marxist Intellectuals and the Working-Class Mentality in Germany , 1887-1912 ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1993 ), 33 , 60 – 63 ; Karl Marx , Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy ( Moscow : Progress Publishers , 1859 ), Preface ; Cyril Smith , “ Kautsky and ‘ Revisionism ’; Philosophy and Bolshevism ,” Marx at the Millennium website , accessed 16 August 2016 , https :// www . marxists . org / reference / archive / smith-cyril / works / millenni / smith2 . htm ; Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , Manifesto of the Communist Party ( New York : Rand School of Social Science , 1919 ), 28 , accessed 16 August 2016 , https :// books . google . com / books / about / Manifesto _ of _ the _ Communist _ Party . html ? id = TZE4AQAAMAAJ & printsec = frontcover & source = kp _ read _ button & hl = en # v = snippet & q = grave-diggers & f = false . Marx states , “ What the bourgeois therefore produces , above all , is its own grave-diggers . Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable .”; Peter G . Stillman , “ The Myth of Marx ’ s Economic Determinism ,” Marx Myths and Legends website , April 2005 , accessed 16 August 2016 , https :// www . marxists . org / subject / marxmyths / peter-stillman / article . htm .
6 . Dick Geary , Karl Kautsky ( Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press , 1987 ), 3 – 14 , 16 – 17 , 20 – 29 ; Smith , “ Kautsky and ‘ Revisionism ,’” Marx at the Millennium website .
7 . James E . Connor , ed ., Lenin on Politics and Revolution , Selected Writings ( New York : Pegasus , 1968 ), 189 – 95 . 8 . Ibid ., 195 . 9 . Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , “ What Is To Be Done ?,” in Lenin on
Politics and Revolution , ed . James E . Connor , 31 – 78 . 10 . Connor , Lenin on Politics and Revolution , 62 , 67 . 11 . Sayyid Qutb , “ Introduction ,” Milestones ( Charleston , SC : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 1 January 2005 ), accessed 17 August 2016 , https :// drive . google . com / file / d / 0B9UK4WbD _ y24UTJhVG1OeGRTTlk / view ? pli = 1 .
11 . Saul Alinsky , Rules of Radicals : A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals ( New York : Vintage Books , 1971 ), 37 .
12 . Lenin , “ What Is To Be Done ? The ‘ Plan ’ For an All-Russia Political Newspaper ,” Marxists Internet Archive website , accessed 17 August 2016 , https :// www . marxists . org / archive / lenin / works / 1901 / witbd / v . htm .
13 . “ The Cheka ,” Alpha History website , accessed 17 August 2016 , http :// alphahistory . com / russianrevolution / cheka /# sthash . vGOssXfL . dpuf .
14 . Brenda Haugen , Mussolini , Fascist Italian Dictator ( Minneapolis : Compass Point Books , 2007 ), 68 – 69 .
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