Military Review English Edition July-August 2016 | Page 53

COLOMBIA

Notes
1. Nothing in such an assessment of FARC need be treated
as mere opinion. Anyone may access the group’s extensive
online presence and that of its fellow travelers. Indeed, FARC
essentially boasts of its Cold War approach. See, for example,
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del
Pueblo (FARC-EP), the official FARC website, accessed 10 May
2016, http://farc-ep.co/.
2. Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Sobreviviendo al Infierno:
Las FARC Desde Adentro [Surviving Hell: Inside the FARC],
(Bogotá: MINDEFENSA, 2015), accessed 10 May 2016, https://
www.mindefensa.gov.co/irj/go/km/docs/Mindefensa/Documentos/descargas/Prensa/Documentos/SobreviviendoAlInfierno.
pdf. This report contains twenty testimonies of former FARC
members.
3. One of the best treatments of this period is G.H. Peiris,
Twilight of the Tigers: Peace Efforts and Power Struggles in Sri
Lanka (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009).
4. “LTTE’s Proposals for an Interim Self-Governing Authority in the Northeast Region of Sri Lanka,” South Asia Terrorism
Portal, 1 November 2003, accessed 10 May 2016, http://www.
satp.org/satporgtp/countries/shrilanka/document/papers/
LTTE_northeast.htm.
5. Zachariah Mampilly, “A Marriage of Inconvenience: Tsunami Aid and the Unraveling of the LTTE and the GoSL’s Complex
Dependency,” Civil Wars 11(3) (September 2009): 302–20,
accessed 10 May 2016, https://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1a8e58d7-62da-44d7-a0ce-241774a7a
6fe%40sessionmgr106&vid=3&hid=107.
6. Kasun Ubayasiri, “An Elusive Leader’s Annual Speech,”
speech at Central Queensland University, 2006, found on Tamilnation. org website, accessed 10 May 2016, http://tamilnation.co/
ltte/vp/mahaveerar/06ubayasri.htm.
7. Carlos Ospina, “Colombia and the FARC: From Military
Victory to Ambivalent Political Reintegration?,” in eds. Michelle
Hughes and Michael Miklaucic, Impunity: Countering Illicit Power
in War and Transition (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2016).
8. Timoshenko, “La discusión que se viene sobre el narcotráfico,” ArtÍculos y Opinión, Hablando Claro, 11 December
2013, reposted on FARC-EP, accessed 10 May 2016, http://farcep.co/?p=2662. During the peace talks in Havana in 2013, Iván
Márquez, the leading FARC negotiator, has denied such links
and denounced the allegations as false.
9. William Safire, “On Language,” New York Times, 12
April 1987, accessed 10 May 2016, http://www.nytimes.
com/1987/04/12/magazine/on-language.html.
10. “Baburam Bhattarai: On Nepal’s Social Revolution,”
interview by World People’s Resistance Movement, 12 December 2009, The Marxist-Leninist website, accessed 10 May
2016, https://marxistleninist.wordpress.com/2009/12/12/baburam-bhattarai-on-nepals-social-revolution/. A particularly
useful explanation for the change may be found in the lengthy
interview given to World People’s Resistance Movement
(Britain) by the Maoists’ then-chief ideologue and “Number
Two,” Dr. Baburam Bhattarai, wherein he stated directly that all
accommodation was tactical for the strategic pursuit of power.

MILITARY REVIEW  July-August 2016

The Party leadership repeated this same position in November
2010 at the Maoist Sixth Plenum—well after “peace” agreements
had been signed—and has more recently been reiterated in the
bitter Central Committee/Politburo debates of January 2012. In
the latter, intraparty agreement was reached to use “revolt” (i.e.,
urban insurrection) if the stubborn rival parties did not give in
to Maoist demands concerning the shape of the “new order.”
11. “Young Communist League,” South Asia Terrorism Portal,
n.d., accessed 10 May 2016, http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/
countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/YCL.html.
12. The figure is based on Thomas A. Marks personal files,
including over a hundred confidential, well-documented cases
of torture and assault. Descriptive detail in surviving victim
statements allows an easy expansion of the numbers (e.g., “I
was held prisoner with X others”). The topic will be discussed at
length in Marks, “Terrorism as Method in Nepali Maoist Insurgency, 1996-2016,” Small Wars & Insurgencies (forthcoming).
13. Christopher Coker, “Cultural Ruthlessness and the War
against Terror,” Australian Army Journal 3(1) (Summer 2005–
2006): 161.
14. Robert Leiken and Barry Rubin, eds., “FMLN: Analysis
of La Palma Meeting,” The Central American Crisis Reader (New
York: Summit Books, 1987), 469.
15. David H. Ucko, “Counterinsurgency in El Salvador: The
Lessons and Limits of the Indirect Approach,” Small Wars &
Insurgencies 24(4) (2013): 669–95.
16. Douglas Grant Mine, “Military Command Rejects Rebel
Purge Demand as “Ridiculous,” Associated Press, 20 October
1989.
17. Douglas Tweedale, “Little Hope Seen for Quick End
to Salvadoran Civil War,” United Press International, 16 October 1989, accessed 10 May 2016, http://www.upi.com/
Archives/1989/10/16/Little-hope-seen-for-quick-end-to-Salvadoran-civil-war/9294624513600/; Mine, “Military Command
Rejects Rebel Purge.”
18. “You Do the Maths,” Economist, 8 January 2004, accessed
10 May 2016, http://www.economist.com/node/2335570.
19. “Why Colombia’s Negotiators Couldn’t Manage a CeaseFire by March 23,” Colombia Peace website (Washington Office
on Latin America, WOLA), 23 March 2016, accessed 10 May
2016, http://colombiapeace.org/2016/03/23/why-colombias-negotiators-couldnt-manage-a-cease-fire-by-march-23/.
20. Juan Ramón Medrano, interview with David H. Ucko, San
Salvador, 20 March 2012.
21. Adriaan Alsema, “FARC Truce Fails to Curb Colombia’s
Pessimism over Peace Talks,” Colombia Reports website, 4 August 2015; accessed 10 May 2016, http://colombiareports.com/
farc-truce-fails-to-curb-colombias-pessimism-over-peace-talks/.
22. Gallup Poll #112 (Colombia), May 2016, 94; hard copy
examined by authors.
23. Charles T. Call, “Assessing El Salvador’s Transition from
Civil War to Peace,” in eds. Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth Cousens, Ending Civil Wars: the Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002),
387; León Valencia, “57 por ciento dice Sí, 33 por ciento dice
No,” Semana, 19 March 2016, accessed 10 May 2016, http://

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