(fig. 7). The images of both Tenochtitlan and Cuzco had a long life
As Elizabeth A. Sutton pointed out, the transition of the cartographic
and were subjected to changes and additions. They were included in
center from Antwerp (where, for example, Ortelius issued his
the first volume of the Civitates Orbis Terrarum, first published in
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, plate 13, and Vrients his Orbis Terrae
Cologne in 1572 (fig. 8), edited by Georg Braun (1541–1622), and
Compendiosa Descriptio, plate 15) to Amsterdam had an impact
largely engraved by Franz Hogenberg (1535–1590). The Civitates was
in the compositional focus of the artistic motifs, which moved from
a major project intended to complement Ortelius’s Theatrum Orbis
an allegorically oriented visual conception to a more documentary
Terrarum (plate 13) but focusing on cities. It came to an end with the
presentation. Previously the images on the maps signified deviance,
publication of the sixth and final volume in 1617, having comprised
incivility, and ultimately total difference from Europe, and in the end
546 prospects, bird’s-eye views, and map views of cities from all over
these figures functioned as indices of abstract cultural concepts in
the world. Braun added in the foreground, thus, in the margins of the
which all that was not European was exoticized and undervalued.
maps, figures in local dress and scenes relevant to the cities’ history,
Now the images on the maps gained a stronger ethnographical interest
situation, commerce, and customs. As Braun stated in his preface
and served as documentary evidence of diverse cultures and peoples.
to the first volume, the figures were introduced not only to depict
This evolution resulted from a closer dependence on illustrated
local costume and manners, but also to deny his work to the Turks,
travel accounts, and from the fact that travelers would not only give
who might use it against Christendom, as their religion forbade the
accounts of the curious and exotic subjects, but would apply a more
representation of the human form.
analytic perspective.
In the map of Mexico City are three natives dressed in feathers and
In the map of America engraved by Jodocus Hondius (1563–1612)
with bows and arrows. The central, most prominently clothed figure is
in Amsterdam in 1606, and later reissued in 1619 by Hondiu >(