Rethinking the International System as a Complex Adaptive System
munities ) 间的互操作性 ; 二是概述一种形式语法 , 为国际 政治作为一种复杂适应系统进行建模提供基础 。
关键词 : 国际政治 , 国际关系理论 , 复杂系统理论 , 分类 学 , 适应 , fitness , 自组织
Introduction
This study puts forward the idea
IR scholars have embraced theoretical diversity over the past decade and acknowledged the validity of a wide range of different theoretical perspectives in the realm of foreign policy . Many have welcomed theoretical pluralism as a positive development for the discipline . Dunne , Hansen , and Wight ( 2013 , p . 416 ) argued that if we could use the vast array of positivist and post-positivist theories in a coherent and integrative way , we would be finally able to make sense of the multifaceted inquiries of international politics . But in reality , coherence is hard to achieve when confronted with an overarching and disorganized menu of theories and claims . And without coherence and method , the whole discipline becomes prone to relativism and loss of critical standards ( Dunne et al ., 2013 , p . 415 ), transforming academic dialogue in an empty debate of perspectives and mirrors .
A more fundamental problem that affects both general theories and pluralist approaches of IR is a lack of understanding of the subdued nonlinearity of social , and therefore political , interactions among agents . For long , scholars thought they were looking at international politics , but instead , they were only looking at its linear , constant , continuous , and deterministic image . Theorists did not realize ( at least most of them ) that there was another image of world politics . That image is non-linear , discrete , stochastic , and composite : a chaotic face of the world where there are no general laws or causalities .
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