A Novel Evolutionary Algorithm
Cordón-Rosales , Juárez , Itzep , & Nonami , 2003 ; Nakagawa , Hashimoto , et al ., 2003 ; Quinde-Calderón , Rios-Quituizaca , Solorzano , & Dumonteil , 2016 ; Tabaru , Monroy , Rodas , Mejia , & Rosales , 1998 ; Yoshioka et al ., 2015 ). While pyrethroid insecticides have successfully reduced infestation rates , rarely is the infestation rate reduced to 0 ( Acevedo et al ., 2000 ; Quinde-Calderón et al ., 2016 ). Nonetheless , the residual effects of pyrethroid spraying appear to last only 4 months before adult T . dimidiata re-infest a house and 9 months before nymphs colonize the house ( Dumonteil et al ., 2004 ). Thus , while residual pyrethroid spraying prevents infestation by Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans , in most cases the prevention of T . dimidiata does not occur ( Waleckx , Gourbière , et al ., 2015 ). Researchers observed that the rebounding of infestation to original levels occurred almost 3 years after a single round of pyrethroid spraying in Jutiapa , Guatemala ( Hashimoto et al ., 2006 ). In addition to spraying houses with pyrethroid insecticides , recent work shows the potential of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Gliocladium virens to control T . dimidiata ( Vázquez-Martínez , Cirerol-Cruz , Torres-Estrada , & López , 2014 ). While researchers show that both fungi successfully kill T . dimidiata in a laboratory setting , Vázquez-Martínez et al . ( 2014 ) also show that T . dimidiata can transmit the deadly fungi to other T . dimidiata . However , short of extirpation of T . dimidiata , the vector will always pose the risk of infestation where it is endemic .
The only proven long-term control of T . dimidiata infestation is the implementation of home improvements often accompanied by educational outreach on Chagas disease and the vector ( De Urioste-Stone et al ., 2015 ; Ferral et al ., 2010 ; Monroy et al ., 2009 ). Home improvements that minimize the risk of household infestation with
T . dimidiata run the gamut of cleaning and organizing the peridomestic environment immediately surrounding a house ( Ferral et al ., 2010 ; Zeledón & Rojas , 2006 ; Zeledón et al ., 2008 ), plastering walls ( Lucero et al ., 2013 ; Monroy et al ., 2009 ; Monroy , Rodas , Mejia , & Tabaru , 1998 ; Pellecer , Dorn , Bustamante , Rodas , & Monroy , 2013 ), replacing dirt floors with cement-like floors ( Lucero et al ., 2013 ; Pellecer et al ., 2013 ), installing window screens ( Ferral et al ., 2010 ; Waleckx , Camara-Mejia , et al ., 2015 ), impregnating curtains with insecticide ( Ferral et al ., 2010 ), and domestic rodent control ( De Urioste-Stone et al ., 2015 ). These home improvements have led to a reduction in household infestation that often lasts longer than spraying insecticide ; however , none has eliminated infestation . Some researchers consider some of the aforementioned interventions Ecohealth interventions because they use sustainable methods and locally sourced materials ( Lucero et al ., 2013 ; Monroy et al ., 2009 ; Pellecer et al ., 2013 ). Window screens were very effective in nearly eliminating household infestation in pilot villages in the Yucatan , Mexico ; however , in the Yucatan , T . dimidiata has been shown to invade homes seasonally , and thus barriers to entry are more effective ( Ferral et al ., 2010 ; Waleckx , Camara-Mejia , et al ., 2015 ). Therefore , identifying unique combinations of factors or patterns that target cost-effective , mitigation strategies may help successfully eliminate infestation .
To determine the complex interactions associated with Chagas disease , a number of studies will perform univariate statistical analysis as a feature selection tool . Features below a designated p-value are then selected for multivariate analysis ( da Silva et al ., 2014 ; Kaplinski et al ., 2015 ; King , Cordon-Rosales , Cox , Davies , & Kitron , 2011 ; Molina et al ., 2015 ; Olivera et al ., 2015 ; Rassi et al ., 2006 ; Weeks et
124