The Four Dimensions of Complexity
The Four Dimensions of Complexity
Dörner ( 1996 ) laid out a case for
a four-dimensional model of complexity with his attributes . Combined , the three theories of complexity ( chaos , complexity , and paradox ) and the concept of time make up the four dimensions of complexity ( see Table 1 ).
The concept of time alters the three dimensional model of complexity to form a four-dimensional spherical model ( see Figure 1 ). The sphere elucidates the concept of eternity , representing factors that have no beginning or ending . The sphere also represents the infinite iterations of complexity within a wicked problem .
Complexity Theory
Derived from chaos theory , complexity theory is a body of science concerning systems that have uncertain behavior characteristics ( Cohen & Gooch , 2006 ). The complexity theory describes systems where actors have dyadic relationships . However , interaction
within those relationships exists in an illogical manner . The global action of a complex system cannot be predicted from an understanding of the behavior of a single actor . For example , knowing all there is to know about an individual bee will never reveal all there is to understand about how the hive will behave . In the Newtonian sciences , linear problem solving is attempted by breaking down subjects into smaller components until the sample can be understood through deductive reasoning . When policymakers apply this approach to complex problems , such as poverty , it fails . In the case of complexity theory , policymakers must use inductive reasoning .
An Igbo man is asked , “ If your wife and your mother are drowning , whom do you save ?”
Paradox Theory
Paradox theory is a body of science concerning systems that denote contradictory interrelated elements within a situation that seem completely logical in isolation ( Pasmore & Woodman ,
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