�������������������������� ii
While Cybernetics is more bottom up , inversely , complexity theory is more top down . iii
“ Feedback loops are abstract patterns of relationships embedded in physical structures or in the activities of living organisms ” ( Capra 1996 : 64 ). iv
All of this is a complex system as it is an arrangement of a multifaceted structure of interconnected elements ( Potts , 2000 ). Therefore , Stone asserts , “ interdependence becomes a central fact ” ( Stone , 1980 , p . 978 ). v
“ Systemic power therefore has to do with the impact of the larger socioeconomic system on the predispositions of public officials ” ( p . 979 ). vi
A �������� approach emphasizes empathy and interdependence among a coalition to either create working relationships ( i . e . Stone ) or also a way to challenge the current power over thinking because not all activists interpret this ���������� as largely illegitimate . vii
“ To simplify drastically , the paradigm of order was founded on four golden rules : • Order : given causes lead to known effects at all times and places .
• Reductionism : the behavior of a system
could be understood , clockwork fashion , by observing the behavior of its parts . There are no hidden surprises ; the whole is the sum of the parts , no more and no less .
• Predictability : once global behavior is
defined , the future course of events could be predicted by application of the appropriate inputs to the model .
• Determinism : processes flow along
orderly and predictable paths that have clear beginnings and rational���������Ge� yer , Robert . � . 1�
“ Europeanisation , Complexity , and the British Welfare State .” Paper presented to the UACES / ESRC Study Group on The Europeanisation of British Politics and Policy-Making , Department of Politics , University of Sheffield , September 19 , 2003 . http :// aei . pitt . edu / 1719 / 1 / Geyer . pdf viii
In addition , it is dissipative as energy is exchanged to maintain stabilization , and capable of evolution through its adaptability – often called Complex Adaptive Systems ( CAS ). ix
Power is derived from the Latin ������ , which means “ to be able ,” rooted in a concept that means the general capacity to shape one ’ s life or to have at its root “ control , influence or authority over others .” See ������������������������� ( 1996 ). x
First Face , asks : “ Who , if anyone , is exercising power ?” This first face reflects the linear , or order paradigm , similar to the order paradigm ’ s “ known cause leads to a rational end ” ( Geyer and Rihani , 2012 : 13 ). Therefore , it follows that with Dahl ’ s notion of power , under a pluralist system , we can reduce power , in order to identify , who rules - as if “ power ” itself were a watch , its pieces , or constituent parts , are merely equal to the whole , nothing more , nothing less . xi
Second Face , asks : “ What issues have been mobilized off the agenda and by whom ?” xii
So , not only is A affecting B , but power is also occurring when “ A devotes his energies to creating or reinforcing social and political values and institutional practices that limit the scope of the political process to public consideration of only those issues which are comparatively innocuous to A to this extent A succeeds in doing this , B is stopped from bringing forward any issues that might seriously counter to A ' s set of preferences , according to Bachrach and Baratz . xiii
Third Face , asks : “ Whose objective interests are being harmed ?” Lukes furthermore argues “ power could be exerted even if B
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