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For example , a mayor typically identifies psychologically with the institutional elite rather than the average citizen ; therefore , the mayor will anticipate the elite ’ s reactions to initiatives even before either approval or criticism , as decisions must be made within time constraints , with only the available information . Public officials often “ find themselves rewarded for cooperating with upper-strata interests and unrewarded or even penalize for cooperating with lower-strata interests ” ( p . 164 ). xxxiv Input information , acting as negative feedback , is often readily available to the elite , who are well organized as a result . The opposing side is often unorganized . An asymmetrical informational information feedback loop results .
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As Dewey ( 1991 ) argues , all logical
reasoning is preceded by “ more unconscious and tentative �������� ��������� �������� results from individuals challenging the taken-for-granted “ logic ” of a situation , as defined by an individual in a social setting , challenging those in the ������ ���� position . The “ logic of a situation ” can be the current paradigm or worldview ( Kuhn , 2012 ). When there is a deviation from the normal order , a paradigm shifts as the old worldview is questioned and later supplanted . ������ �� is often the feedback mechanism where the logic of a situation is questioned .
Fine ( 2011 ), for example , argues that both the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street movements each psychologically frame xxxv injustice in their own way , challenging those they perceive as the “ enemy .” xxxvi In this way , the Tea Party provides a balancing feedback to its opponents with low leverage points , needing constant power to .
White ’ s ( 1999 ) emphases on Follett ’ s ���������� values of fairness and equity can help create a sense of empowerment to ordinary people . Rosenthal and Tao ( 2007 ), for example , find that the outcome of the mayoral election in Rogers , Arkansas , had less to do with the norms of economics and more with the culture of the small town . Therefore , while mayors are “ rewarded for cooperating with upper-strata interests ,” lower-strata interests , may be in the majority ( Dahl , 2006 ) In a small town with few large economic interests , mayors are evaluated more by their personalities and whether they fit the town ’ s cultural norms ( Rosenthal � Tao , 2007 ). With limited rationality in a complex world , people use heuristics as a way to make decisions , rather than take in the multifaceted world as a whole . “ We need not fear for positive feedback systems , for all their unpredictability ; their unpredictability may be a survival advantage ” ( Eve , Horsfall , � Lee , 1997 ). xxxvii
Conclusion
In the discussion above , we define systemic power in terms of complexity theory where three analytic levels exhibit feedback loops between the twin aspects of ���������� ( reinforcing or positive feedback ), and ������ �� , ( balancing or negative feedback ). Each brings about changes in its environment with leverage points to maintain feedback loop balance . Because of power imbalances , the result is a relationship where one faction is advantaged over another faction . When disturbances in the environment create perceived injustices in society , those with ������ ���� are challenged by those who do not have power individually . The less powerful organize , with ������ �� in a positive feedback loop , affecting the power dynamics . Systems theory attempts to show how minute catalytic events can produce considerable changes in complex systems . Awareness of feedback
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