J. Schröder et al.
68. Bowden MG, Balasubramanian CK, Neptune RR, Kautz SA.
Anterior-posterior ground reaction forces as a measure
of paretic leg contribution in hemiparetic walking. Stroke
2006; 37: 872–876.
69. Den Otter AR, Geurts AC, Mulder T, Duysens J. Gait re-
covery is not associated with changes in the temporal
patterning of muscle activity during treadmill walking in
patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. Clin Neurophysiol
2006; 117: 4–15.
70. Buurke JH, Nene AV, Kwakkel G, Erren-Wolters V, Ijzer-
man MJ, Hermens HJ. Recovery of gait after stroke: what
changes? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008; 22: 676–683.
71. Bowden MG, Behrman AL, Woodbury M, Gregory CM, Ve-
lozo CA, Kautz SA. Advancing measurement of locomotor
rehabilitation outcomes to optimize interventions and
differentiate between recovery versus compensation. J
Neurolog Phys Ther 2012; 36: 38–44.
72. Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Lindeman E. Understanding the pat-
tern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories.
Restorative Neurol Neurosci 2004; 22: 281–299.
73. Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Mea-
ningful change and responsiveness in common physical
performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc
2006; 54: 743–749.
74. Louie DR, Eng JJ. Powered robotic exoskeletons in post-
88
www.medicaljournals.se/jrm
stroke rehabilitation of gait: a scoping review. J Neuroeng
Rehabil 2016; 13: 53.
75. Hidler J, Nichols D, Pelliccio M, Brady K, Campbell DD, Kahn
JH, et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating
the effectiveness of the Lokomat in subacute stroke. Neu-
rorehabil Neural Repair 2009; 23: 5–13.
76. Stinear C, Ackerley S, Byblow W. Rehabilitation is initiated
early after stroke, but most motor rehabilitation trials are
not: a systematic review. Stroke 2013; 44: 2039–2045.
77. Winters C, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EEH, Nijland RHM,
Veerbeek JM, Meskers CGM. Moving stroke rehabilitation
forward: the need to change research. NeuroRehabilitation
2018; 43: 19–30.
78. Stinear CM. Stroke rehabilitation research needs to be
different to make a difference. F1000Res 2016; 5. pii:
F1000 Faculty Rev-1467.
79. Veerbeek JM, Winters C, van Wegen EEH, Kwakkel G. Is
the proportional recovery rule applicable to the lower
limb after a first-ever ischemic stroke? PLoS One 2018;
13: e0189279.
80. Stinear CM. Prediction of motor recovery after stroke: ad-
vances in biomarkers. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16: 826–836.
81. Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Twisk J. Impact of time on im-
provement of outcome after stroke. Stroke 2006; 37:
2348–2353.