International Journal on Criminology Volume 4, Number 2, Winter 2016 | Page 102

International Journal on Criminology
but the phenomenon of globalization has accentuated this trend and the globalization
of criminal activities is now commonly seen as a parallel development (Rauffer
2010). 4 From this perspective, threats specifically affecting companies are beginning
to be studied by management sciences. Véry and Monnet (2008) convincingly classify
these threats in seven categories and determine the nature of the impact they have on
company business. Dalmas, Nivet, and Spach (2014) also observe an intensifying
of these threats by focusing on the question of geopolitical risk which only partially
intersects with the issue of threats of a criminal nature. They also analyze the impact on
the company of various causes of political instability, both national and international
and the violence resulting from them. Terrorism features prominently in their analysis.
Because beyond organized criminality of a financially-motivated type, it is
naturally terrorism which is identified as one of the major sources of threats affecting
organizations, which have not escaped the severe worsening of the threat over the past
15 years: according to the Global Terrorism Index 2015, terrorism killed nine times
more people in 2014 than it did in 2000. 5
Indeed the literature on the management of terrorism by companies and
private operators has seen resurgence since the attacks of September 11, 2001. What is
often evoked is the cost of terrorism to organizations (Dorn and Levi 2006; Niskanen
2006) as well as the influence of terrorism on the international business of companies
(Jain and Grosse 2009). This last point is no doubt the most productive in the field of
research in management sciences. In 2010, Czinkota et al. drew up a thorough research
agenda by comparing in the same article the direct costs of terrorism (destruction
and loss of life) and the indirect costs which are considerably more significant in the
long term: loss of confidence of customers, costs of necessary security measures,
or costs of strengthened security caused by the political and legislative reaction to
a wave of terrorism. The issue of the influence of terrorism on companies and their
markets is also the subject of numerous sectoral approaches. The area of logistics was
studied after the attacks of September 2001 (McIntyre and Travis 2006; Sheffi 2001)
in perspective of risks related to the interruption of the supply chain. Tourism, notably
international tourism, has also been the subject of numerous studies. The economic
consequences were highlighted first (Goodrich 2002). They seemed to be greater when
the country targeted was a developed, western nation (Liorca-Vivero 2008) and even
more severe if the country affected was in addition suffering great political instability
(Shrabani and Ghialy 2014). Finally, the consequences for the air transport market
were evaluated and relativized, at least from the point of view of the stock market
value of airline companies (Gittel et al. 2008).
4
https://aidworkersecurity.org/incidents/report/summary
5
http://static.visionofhumanity.org/sites/default/files/2015%20Global%20Terrorism%20Index%20
Report_2.pdf
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