International Journal on Criminology Volume 3, Number 2, Fall 2015 | Page 127

Criminal–Terrorist Convergence
7
See John P. Sullivan, “Third generation Street Gangs: Turf, Cartels and Netwarriors,” Transnational
Organized Crime 3 (2): 95-108; John P. Sullivan, “Gangs, Hooligans, and Anarchists: The Vanguard of
Netwar in the Streets,” in Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, eds. John
Arquilla, and David Ronfeldt (Santa Monica: RAND, 2001), 99-126; Robert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan,
Studies in Gangs and Cartels (New York: Routledge, 2013). For detailed discussion of gang dynamics.
8
See Robert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan, “Cartel Evolution Revisited: Third Phase Cartel Potentials and
Alternative Futures in Mexico,” [Special Issue: Narcos Over the Border: Gangs, Cartels, Mercenaries and
the Invasion of America.] Small Wars & Insurgencies 21 (1): 30-54, doi: 10.1080/09592310903561379;
Robert J. Bunker, “Criminal (Cartel & Gang) Insurgencies in Mexico and the Americas: What You Need
to Know, Not What You Want to Hear,” Testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on
the Western Hemisphere at the Hearing ‘Has Merida Evolved? Part One: The Evolution of Drug Cartels
and the Threat to Mexico’s Governance,’” September 13, 2011, http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.
house.gov/112/bun091311.pdf.
9
John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency: A Small Wars Journal-El Centro
Anthology (Bloomington: iUniverse, 2012).
10
See John P. Sullivan, “Narco-Cities: Mexico and Beyond,” Small Wars Journal March 31, 2014, http://
smallwarsjournal.com/print/15483.
11
See Douglas Farah, Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin
America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority (Carlisle Barracks: Strategic Studies Institute,
US Army War College, 2012).
12
See John P. Sullivan, “Transnational Gangs: The Impact of Third Generation Gangs in Central America,”
Air & Space Power Journal (Spanish Edition), 2008, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/apjinternational/
apj-s/2008/2tri08/sullivaneng.htm; John P. Sullivan, “Maras Morphing: Revisiting Third Generation
Gangs,” Global Crime 7 (3–4) (August–November 2006): 487-504. For additional discussion of maras
and 3 GEN Gangs.
13
John P. Sullivan and Samuel Logan, “MS-13 Leadership: Networks of Influence,” The Counter Terrorist
3 (4) (August/September 2010): 46, http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/display_article.php?id=428186.
14
John P. Sullivan, "La Eme (Mexican Mafia)," in Encyclopedia of Street Crime in America, vol. 12, ed.
Jeffrey Ian Ross (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013), 236-237, doi: http://dx.doi.
org/10.4135/9781452274461.n97.
15
John P. Sullivan and Adam Elkus, “Los Zetas and MS-13: Nontraditional Alliances,” in CTC Sentinel
(West Point: Combating Terrorism Center, 2012), https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/los-zetas-and-ms-13-
nontraditional-alliances.
16
John P. Sullivan, “The Barrio Azteca, Los Aztecas Network,” The Counter Terrorist 6 (2) (April/May
2013), http://www.academia.edu/3246070/The_Barrio_Azteca_Los_Aztecas_Network.
17
John P. Sullivan and Samuel Logan, “La Línea: Network, Gang, and Mercenary Army,” FARC 4 (4)
(August/September 2011), http://www.academia.edu/1123636/La_L%C3%ADnea_Network_gang_
and_mercenary_army.
18
Luis Chaparro, “Sirven 10 Pandillas de EP a Cárteles Mexicanos,” Norte Digital, February 7, 2015,
http://nortedigital.mx/sirven-10-pandillas-de-ep-a-carteles-mexicanos/.
19
John P. Sullivan, “Transnational Crime,” in The Handbook of Global Security Policy, eds. Mary Kaldor,
and Iavor Rangelov (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2014), chap. 9.
20
See John Dickie, Blood Brotherhoods: A History of Italy’s Three Mafias (New York: Public Affairs, 2014).
21
See Elizabeth Bennett, “Time for India to Take Down Dawood Ibrahim,” The Diplomat, November
4, 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/11/time-for-india-to-take-down-dawood-ibrahim/; Bill Roggio,
“Dawood Ibrahim, al Qaeda, and the ISI,” Threat Matrix blog at Long War Journal, January 7, 2010, http://
www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2010/01/dawood_ibrahim_al_qaeda_and_th.php.
22
See Douglas Farah, “Terrorist Groups in Latin America: The Changing Landscape,” InSight Crime, April
7, 2014, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/terrorist-groups-in-latin-america-the-changinglandscape.
23
Of course the significance and depth of connection is subject to debate. See Victor Asal, H. Brinton
Milward and Eric W. Schoon, “When Terrorists Go Bad: Analyzing Terrorist Organizations’ Involvement
122