c. Cost reduction: According to Anderson [3],
60% of a product’s cost is determined by
the concept. However, the chance to attain
the lowest possible cost is ignored when
the product concept is based on a research
prototype. Cost reduction activities are not
possible after the parts of the product are
designed based on the research prototype,
and implementing change-orders wastes
valuable resources and compromises
product and process integrity. Furthermore,
researchers, scientists and inventors design
products primarily to optimise functionality
and make parts to fit into the product
concept. They overlook using standard