Indian Politics & Policy Volume 1, Number 2, Fall 2018 | Page 123

Indian Politics & Policy
Notes
1 The research for this paper was supported by the National Science Foundation, Cultural
Anthropology program.
2 Additionally, this study finds that control of water begins to devolve toward the level
of consumer control and these shifts can mean eventual changes in governance and in
technological solutions (see Vandewalle and Jepson 2015).
3 In a study of Bangkok residents, Roomratanapun (2001) found that the level of acceptability
for reuse projects declined when direct costs and changes in life style were involved. The study
found that complex stimuli, such as cost-effectiveness and the convenience of the technology,
tend to influence the degree of acceptability. Kontogianni et al. (2003) observed that those who
were willing to pay for treated water believed in state investment for better water quality. They
were also motivated by moral concerns linked to health and cultural issues, concern for future
generations, and interest in environmental and educational issues.
4 There are many government reports and news items putting the estimate of untreated
wastewater at around 70% of all wastewater generated in India. The most authoritative reports
have been created by (1) the Centre for Science and Environment (“78% of sewage generated
in India remains untreated” Down to Earth. DTE Staff, April 5, 2016); (2) the Central Pollution
Control Board. Inventorization of Sewage Treatment Plants. March 2015; and (3) research
reports such as Amerasinghe et al. (2013).
5 In Bangalore, Ravishankar, Nautiyal, and Seshaiah (2018) found that 67% of residents who
were household owners were willing to buy reclaimed water, 20% were concerned about
hygiene, and 33% of respondents lacked trust in the public agency with respect to water quality
standards.
6 The potential for reuse also depends on the hydraulic and biochemical characteristics of the
particular wastewater in question, making choice of technology an important determinant
(Rohilla and Dwivedi 2013).
7 Directions of NGT order dated June 11, 2015, in the matter of OA No. 6/2012 & 300/2013, accessed
July 14, 2018, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/07be330048dbd704b6f9ff7a2b587979/
Directions_Clarifications_NGT_11.6.2015.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-287594179.
8 According to the Ministry of Water resource’s Ganga basin report “the mean annual
replenishable groundwater in India as a whole has been assessed at 433 BCM per annum,
of which about 202.5 billion cumec per annum (46.8%) lies in the states of the Ganga basin”
(Groundwater Observation wells, accessed July 14, 2018, http://nihroorkee.gov.in/Gangakosh/
Water%20Resources/gwwells.htm).
9 Jamwal et al. (2014, 12) write, “Complexes of more than 50 apartments are required to install
STPs and recycle and reuse all their effluents under a zero-liquid-discharge order by the
KSPCB (CII 2014). Forest, Ecology and Environment Secretariat, Notification No FEE 316,
EPC 2015, Bengaluru January 19, 2016”; in Delhi, the requirement is more provisional, with
the Delhi Development Authority encouraging rather than requiring housing complexes
to install recycling units (see Master Plan for Delhi—2021, Delhi Development Authority,
draft compilation). In addition, Delhi Government offices, institutions, schools, and aided
schools under the broad classification of Commercial/Industrial Category are eligible for 15%
rebate on their total monthly bills, provided they adopt water harvesting and waste water
recycling, http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/bef8998040c5c372b4b6be9bd169ec4a/
New+Water+Tariff.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-312894429&CACHEID=bef8998040c5c37
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