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References Chevallier, R. (1984). The Greco-Roman Conception of the North from Pytheas to Tacitus. Arctic 37: 341-346. 1 pp. 69-72 in Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science, and the Governance of International Spaces. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Levere, T.H. (1993). Science and the Canadian Arctic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2 Mercator, G. (1595). Revised map of Polar Regions. London: British Library. 17 Barentz, W. (1598). Polar Map. Amsterdam: Cornelis Cleasz. 18 3 Petermann, A. (1865). Karte der arktischen und antarktischen Regionen. Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes’ Geographischer Anstalt, Tafel 5, Frankfurt. Heathcote, N.H. deV. (1957). ‘The First International Polar Year,’ in Annals of the International Geophysical Year. London: Permagon Press. 4 5 Nansen, F. (1897). Farthest North. (2 vols.) London: MacMillan. Zorgdrager, C. (1720, 1727). Bloeijende Opkomst der Aloude en Hedendaagsche Groenlandsche Visscherij. Amsterdam. 6 7 Martens, F. (1765). Spitzbergische und Groenlandische Reisebeschreibung im Jahr 1671. Kosten, Hamburg. 8 Scoresby, W. (1820). An Account of the Arctic Regions with a history and description of the Northern Whale-Fishery. Constable, Edinburgh. Freuchen, D., ed. (1962). Peter Freuchen’s book of Arctic Exploration. New York: Coward-McCann. (Some of the accounts in this book have been shown to be inaccurate; but it does well in explaining ‘the urge to explore.’) Roots, E.F. (1982). Anniversaries of Arctic Investigation: Some Background and Consequences. Trans. Royal Society of Canada, Ser. IV, vol XX, 373-390. 19 Laursen, V. (1957). ‘The Second International Polar Year,’ in Annals of the International Geophysical Year. London: Permagon Press. 20 Hacquebord, L. (2010). ‘The Dutch Contribution to the Second International Polar Year 1932-1933,’ pp. 184189 in S. Barr and C. Luedecke, eds., The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 21 Roots, E.F. (2007). Science at the Ends of the Earth. Whitehorse YK Canada: Yukon Science Institute, 1-14 plus attach. 22 9 Giaever, J. (1954). The White Desert. London: Chatto and Windus. 23 Sullivan, W. (1961). Assault on the Unknown; The International Geophysical Year. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 24 Wood, A. and R. French (1983). The Development of Siberia, People and Resources. Constable, London. 10 Ford, C. (1966; reprinted 1992). Where the Sea Breaks Its Back. Boston: Little, Brown. 11 Starkov, V. (2001). ‘A History of Discovery and Development of Spitzbergen,’ in V. Rjabkov, ed., Glacial Eldorado Spitzbergen. Moscow: Penta. 12 Royal Society, London (1773). Minutes, Council meeting 17 January 1773. London: Royal Society Library and Archive. 13 Phipps, C. (1774). A Voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty’s command, 1773., London: Nourse Publishers. 14 Elzinga, A. (2010). ‘The Achievements of the IGY,’ pp. 259-268 in S. Barr and C. Luedecke, eds., The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 25 26 Comite Arctique International (1989). Brochure. Oslo. Each of the conferences listed has produced a book with the title given here, under which they can be found in a scientific bibliography. For example, the papers from the 1980 conference are published as Rey, L., ed., The Arctic Ocean: the Hydrographic Environment and the Fate of Pollutants. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 27 Roots, E.F. (1985). The Northern Science Network: Regional Co-operation for Research and Conservation. Nature and Resources, vol. XXXI, 2-10. 28 Savours, A. (1984). ‘A Very Interesting Point in Geography.’ the 1773 Phipps Expedition towards the North Pole,’ pp 402-428 in L. Rey, ed., Unveiling the Arctic, Arctic Institute of North America, vol. 37. 15 29 Roots, E.F. (1984). ‘International and Regional Coopera- tion in Arctic Science: a Changing Situation,’ pp. 127-156 Roots, E.F. (2011). ‘Background and Evolution of Some Ideas and Values that have Led to the Antarctic Treaty,’ 16 73 03 Contributions of Former IASC Presidents in Rapport fra Nordisk Vitenskapelig Konferanse om Arktisk Forskning Tromsø: University of Tromsø Press.