WildLife Group of the SAVA
against hemorrhagic septicaemia they need to be administered very early in the disease . However , due to the peracute nature of this disease syndrome , therapy is often unsuccessful . Antibiotic sensitivity testing against isolates obtained enables selection of effective antibiotics . Unfortunately , due to the rapid progression of the condition , one frequently cannot wait for antibiogram results before initiation of therapy .
However , where possible , any antibiograms available from prior cases should be used for antibiotic selection during an outbreak . Intravenous application of antibiotics as soon as possible forms the basis of treatment 3 , 5 , 7 .
Antibiotics which have proven effective include : penicillin , amoxicillin , cephalothin , ceftiofur , cefquinome , streptomycin , gentamycin , spectinomycin , florfenicol , tetracycline , sulfonamide , trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole , erythromycin , tilmicosin , enrofloxacin ( and other floroquinolones ), amikacin and norfloxacin . However , emerging resistance to tetracyclines and penicillin and appearance of multi-drug resistance strains are being documented , further highlighting the importance of running antibiotic sensitivity tests against all isolates made 3 , 5 , 7 .
Vaccination of African buffalo against hemorrhagic septicaemia is still very much in the trial phase . The vast majority of cases so far documented in buffalo in South Africa involve Pasteurella multocida type B . Type B strains are not present in any of the commercial pasteurella vaccines available in this country . Autogenous type B strain Pasteurella multocida vaccines have been recently developed and are currently being used in field trials in buffaloes . ( Karen Nel – Design Biologix , Personal Communication , 2016 ). The Onderstepoort Biological Products Pasteurella vaccine for Cattle contains Pasteurella multocida types A and D ( which cause ordinary pasteurellosis ) and E ( causing hemorrhagic septicaemia predominantly in cattle ), as well as Mannheimia haemolytica type 1 .
REFERENCES 1 . Bastianello , S S & Jonker , M R , 1981 . A report on the occurrence of septicaemia caused by Pasteurella multocida type E in cattle from southern Africa . Journal of the South African Veterinary Association , 52 , 99-104 .
2 . Caswell J L & Williams K J . 2016 . Respiratory System . In : Jubb , Kennedy and Palmer ’ s Pathology of Domestic Animals . 6th edn . Elsevier , St Louis .
3 . Coetzer J A W & Tustin R C . 2004 – Infectious Diseases of Livestock 2 nd edn . Oxford University Press .
4 . Dziva F , Mohan K & Pawandiwa A , 2000 . Capsular serogroups of Pasteurella multocida isolated from animals in Zimbabwe . Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research , 67:225-228
5 . Moisier D A . 2016 . Overview of Hemorrhagic septicaemia . In : Merck Veterinary Manual . Merck and Co Inc .
6 . Voights A , Ngaisiue G , Henton M M & Hubschle O J B , 1997 . Haemorrhagic septicaemia due to Pasteurella multocida type B2 in Namibia . Tropical Animal Health and Production , 4 ; 247 – 248 .
7 . World Organization for Animal Health . 2013 . Hemorrhagic septicaemia . Technical Disease Card . OIE , Paris .
8 . World Organization for Animal Health . 2012 . Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals . OIE , Paris .
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