Inverted
posture
‘A Rearfoot
good fit?’
baseline might have developed radiographic
PFOA at follow-up without worsen of clinical
symptoms, which might affect the relationship
between rearfoot alignment and presence of
PFOA. Finally, this study did not account for
confounders of PFOA, such as the quadriceps
muscle [48] and gait kinematics [48, 49]. These
possible confounders need to be examined
further using epidemiologic studies to elucidate
the relationship between rearfoot posture and
PFOA.
more inverted calcaneus than those with
isolated medial TFOA after adjustment for
covariates. Increased calcaneus inverted angle
was significantly associated with higher odds
of the presence of any and medial PFOA, and
likely to be associated with higher odds of the
presence of mixed lateral PFOA. Further studies
are warranted to elucidate the pathomechanics
linking rearfoot and PF joint disease. .end.
Conclusions
This exploratory study found that patients
with coexisting PFOA on average had a 3.1°
NOTES:
Abbreviations AAA: Anatomical axis angle; BMI: Body
mass index; ICC: Intra-class correlation coefficient; K/L
grade: Kellgren/Lawrence grade; OA: Osteoarthritis;
OR: Odds ratio; PF: Patellofemoral; PFOA: Patellofemoral
osteoarthritis; ROM: Range of motion; SD: Standard
deviation; TFOA: Tibiofemoral osteoarthritis
Acknowledgments:
The authors thank Ms. Yuko Yamamoto, Mr. Masakazu
Hiraoka, Mr. Kazuyuki Miyanobu, and Mr. Masashi
Jinnouchi (Nozomi Orthopaedic Clinic, Hiroshima) for
assistance and advice.
Funding:
This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (grant no. 16dk0110007h0003) from the Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science (https://www.jsps.
go.jp/).
Availability of data and materials:
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study
available from the corresponding author on reasonable
request.
Authors’ contributions:
All authors have made substantial contributions to
36
Pedorthic Footcare Association | www.pedorthics.org
(1) substantial contributions to research design, or
the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data; (2)
drafting the paper or revising it critically; (3) approval of
the submitted and final versions; and (4) agreed to be
accountable for all aspects of the work. The specific
contributions of the authors are as follows: (1) Conception
and design of the study: HI, HO, NF, TA, EK, and SM.
(2) Analysis and interpretation of the data: HI, HO, NF,
TA, EK, KA, MT, and SM. (3) Drafting of the article: HI,
HO, NF, TA, EK, KA, MT, and SM. (4) Critical revision of
the article for important intellectual content: HI, HO, TA.
(5) Final approval of the article: HI, HO, NF, TA, EK, KA,
MT, and SM. (6) Statistical expertise: HI, NF, and TA.
(7) Obtaining of funding: TA and SM. (8) Collection and
assembly of data: HI, HO, NF, TA, and EK.
Ethics approval and consent to participate:
The ethical committee of Kyoto University approved the
study (approval number: E1923), and written informed
consent was obtained from all participants before their
enrollment.
Competing interests:
The authors declare that they have no competing
interests.