21 , the Finns led by Baron Mannerheim with the help of both allied forces and Germany , Japan carried on its invasions untilin October , 1922 when it was expelled from Vladivostok in the east .
It became clear that all the leading capitalist countries , inspite of their internal contradictions , were united to destroy the Socialist state as their mortal enemy .
These were zigzags in development of Socialist Russia . In 1922 , in Geneva there was an international conference to discuss economic reconstruction of Europe and the new state was invited for the first time to such a conference . The Soviet proposal was to limit armaments . The Chief of the Soviet delegates Georges Chicherin asserted , “ The forces , directed towards restoring world economy will be strangled as long as above Europe and above the world hangs the threat of new wars ,” But instead of paying any heed to this proposal the allied powers persisted in their attempt to pass the whole burden of post-war economic restoration on Germany and Russia . It was direct insult as well as assault . So , the response was to slip away from the Genoa conference and the famous Rapallo Treaty was signed on 16 April , 1922 between Socialist Russia and Germany . By this treaty friendly relations on the basis of equality was established and each cancelled the others debts .
So much is enough to understand how did the new born socialist country worked for peace not only for itself but also for the world . It is also easily understandable that imperialist powers did never want peace , they only wanted to share the booty and more powerful the imperialist power at that stage the more it could gobble up , the defeated powers were pushed to the corner .
Had the victor powers followed the Soviet example there might not have been the Second World War . But that is a wishful proposition , no imperialist power can do that . Imperialism means war . Moreover they were mortally afraid of the new socialist country . Rise of Fascism
Like ‘ Socialism ’, ‘ Cap italism ’, ‘ f eudalism ’, ‘ communism ’, ‘ Brahminism ’ etc the word ‘ fascism ’ has its own origin . But unlike the above mentioned , this connotation did not develop from a concrete social system , but it forced a system according to it . The word come from the Latin word ‘ fasces ’ which meant a bundle of rods tied around an axe , and a symbol of authority of civic magistrates in ancient Rome . Mussolini in Italy adopted this symbol for his party as an expression of absolute authority over the people . Without going in to the details of how Benitto Mussolini , who was once editor of the Avanti , the organ of the Socialist Party , turned intoa founder of the fascist party , let us concentrate the ideology of the party ,
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Mussolini formed a party , named “ Il Popolod Italia ” [ The People of Italy ] with an organ with the same name and its avowed principle according to Mussolini was “ a movement to strike against the backwardness of the Right and the destructiveness of the left . On June6 , 1919 , Fasci of Combat ’ was published with its basic call to regain the lost pride of Italy robbed by the Versailles Treaty . At the same time the call for the socalled “ development ” of economy and assurance of solving the problem of unemployment rallied a large section of unemployed youth behind Mussolini . Thus a chauvinistic war mongering state serving the most aggressive section of the capitalist class was developed . It carried on reforms in all walks of life , education and culture . On the one hand big industries like FIAT gave all its support to Mussolini and on the other hand people were forced to bow down to the all pervasive authority of the state and its leader Mussolini . To ensure the obedience , a private army , Black Shirts , were raised by the fascists in addition to the armed forces of the state .
But all these could not make the fascists to become a real threat until the rise of Hitler in Germany . Now let us go through a brief history of that rise . Adolf Hitler joined the Dentsche Arbeitir Partei ( German Workers Party ) in 1919 as a frontline propagandist and orator . In 1920 , the name of the party was changed is National Socialists Deutsche Arbeiter Partei ( German National Socialist workers Party , in short NAZI . It was opposed to the Weimer Republic in Germany and the Versailles Treaty . But it had to take a time is become powerful enough to challenge the German Political frame work as well as threat to world peace . In 1928 it could gather only 12 seats in the parliament called Reichstag which had more than 600 seats . It had almost the same ideological and political views as the fascists in Italy .
Till 1928 , the outside world could not guess that very soon it would become a real threat . For example , we find in July 13 , 1928 in the Report in Meeting of the Active of the Leningrad organisation of the CPSU ( B ) on the “ Results of the July Plenum of the CC , CPSU ( B )” Comrade Stalin in the section Major Problem of Sixth Congress of the Commintern said , “ At the time of the Fifth Congress ( of the Commintern – another ) very little was said about the Anglo-American contradiction as the Principal one . It was even the custom at that time to speak of an Anglo-American alliance . On the other hand quite a lot was said about contradiction between Britain and France , between America and Japan , between the victor and the vanquished . The difference between that period and present period is that of the contradiction of the capitalist camp , that between American capitalism and British capitalism has become the principal one .
Class Struggle