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more important, and safer, to do smaller, iterative clinicals, because your failures will become apparent much quicker. And you’ll be in a position with the resources left to be able to pivot, redesign, restructure, reorient, and move on to success.” She drew an example of someone trying to make a left hand turn, but instead opting for three right turns, which offers the same end result. A simple Google search yielded evidence that righthand loops lower vehicle idling time, reduce fuel consumption, and increase driver safety. “So who knew that going around in circles got you right to where you want to be.” (Case in point, UPS drivers are instructed to avoid left-hand turns.) ➎ Regulators: Check in Early and Often So, you have your great idea, it works, you are running clinical trials, obtaining funding, filing for a patent… and then there’s getting approval, or more likely multiple approvals in multiple regulatory environments. “It’s complicated,” said Susan Alpert, MD, PhD. She should know: Dr. Alpert is the former Senior Vice President and Chief Regulatory Officer at Medtronic. Before that, she held a number of positions with the FDA including 6 years as the Director of the FDA’s Office of Device Evaluation. She is currently the principal of SFA Consulting LLC, a one-person firm focused on the strategies needed to place medical devices into the global market. In her extensive comments on the process of obtaining regulatory approval for new devices, products, and more, Dr. Alpert’s one overriding message was the importance of defining a regulatory strategy early in the innovation process. This will inform testing, choosing a market, getting acquired by a larger company, defining your time frame, and determining costs. “Medical devices are regulated differently than our pharmaceutical and biotech cousins,” said Dr. Alpert. “In biotech and in pharmaceuticals there’s basically one pathway and everybody’s on that same pathway unless you’re a generic: the product is discovered, it’s developed, it goes through clinical, it goes to market, and it has one regulatory pathway in each jurisdiction.” Devices, on the other hand, are regulated according to the actual risk of the product and knowledge about controlling that risk. That said, “every jurisdiction in the world—and there are more than 50 of them—that regulate healthcare technology—each one of them has their own mindset about protecting their population,” so a would-be innovator has to understand how each jurisdiction will view the risk of their product. “Most important… don’t wait… your regulatory strategy needs to be done early on,” Dr. Alpert stressed. “You have to be objective about the risks, and objective about the benefits. Craft your plans carefully because that’s what determines your risks and you’ll all be fine.” ACC.org/CSWN In Search of “Innovation” Who knew 1804 was a high-water mark for innovation? A Google Ngram search shows that between 1800 and 1820, F