Arts & International Affairs: Volume 2, Issue 1 | Page 110
aid or investment, but this is not offered permanently and cannot reach a
large number of cultural organizations and cultural industries. Many among
them also do not want to lose their relatively independent autonomous
positions, their opportunities to function flexibly, and to develop programs
and activities that they can direct at various audiences through different
markets.
Even if cultural stratification in Southeast European culture is not always
fully transparent and even if cultures do not always display the same cultural
subtypes, they do reflect processes of cultural deinstitutionalization and the
general transformation of attitudes toward culture. In relation to cultural
spaces, cultural policies have been only partly de- and re-constructed, and
this has intensified discussions about their nature, scope, and functioning. In
a way, the concept of national culture has been dissolved within the concept
of cultural space, but this also remains rather vague. As cultural dynamics
reflect the increase in cultural production, exchange and communication,
and the intensity of cultural exchanges, cultural policies can be slow to adapt
to the state of globalism that is reflected in a wider and not clearly defined
notion of cultural space. Although cultural policies remain predominantly
confined to national cultural spaces and to the strata of institutionalized
cultures, they increasingly need to conceptualize various possible types of
cultural surroundings and spaces, which might help them to adapt and thus
to improve their functioning and flexibility.
In the context of globalism, cultural policies might encourage ideas of
democratic governance to be introduced within cultural spaces. They may
strengthen relationships between local and national cultural policy levels
and reflect both global and local influences on cultural policy making.
However, the relationship between cultural policies and markets that
demand liberalized cultural exchanges in the context of globalism remains
undefined. There is a divergence between the interests of publicly supported
cultural institutions, workers, and artists on the one hand, and consumers as
individual users of cultural goods and values on the other.
The question is whether the transformation of cultural policies through the
enlargement of their scope to global surroundings (Kleberg ����) might be
possible. When they refer strictly to the institutionalized (and state-supported)
culture they diminish their scope, and their functionality is reduced even if
such policies may be reproduced and adapted to local cultures at subnational
or regional levels. When the existing national policies refer to globalized
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