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Arctic Yearbook 2015
significant bilateral and multilateral cooperation and conflict (Young 2005). Transnational regional
cooperation evolved through a number of political venues such as the Arctic Council and multilateral
agreements in the Barents region (along the Barents Sea from Norway to Russia), as well as through
the institutionalization of Arctic indigenous polities (Paasi 1999; Shadian 2006). By comparison, the
second path developed through intra-state political and economic decentralization to existing
regional/territorial units. This trend in Arctic governance has been particularly obvious in the federal
Arctic states—whic